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THE PRINCIPLES OF
BIOLOGY
BY
HERBERT SPENCER
IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME I
NEW YORK AND LONDON
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1910
COPYRIGHT, 1866, 1898,
BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.
½ºÆæ¼´Â Çä½½¸® ±×¸®°í ´ÚÅÍÈÅ°Å µî¿¡°Ô ¼¹®¿¡¼ °¨»ç¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ°í ¼¹®ÀÇ ¿©·¯ Ã¥µéÀ» µ¶ÇÐÇؼ Ã¥À» ¸¸µë. Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÎ Á¾ÇÕöÇÐü°è The Synthetic Philosophy (Àü10±Ç)´Â 1860³â °³¿ä¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ°í 1896³â±îÁö 36³â°£ ¹ßÇ¥. Á¦1±Ç Á¦1¿ø¸® First Principles (1862), Á¦2,3±Ç »ý¹°ÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Biology (1864-1867), Á¦4,5±Ç ½É¸®ÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Psychology (1870-1872), Á¦6,7,8±Ç »çȸÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Sociology (1876-1896), Á¦9,10±Ç À±¸®ÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Ethics (1879-1893) µî ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °£ÇàµÈ ´ëÀú¼·Î¼, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ »ý¼º¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ Àΰ£»çȸÀÇ µµ´ö¿ø¸® Àü°³¿¡ ±îÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÁøÈ(evolution)ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¿¡ µû¶ó Á¶Á÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¼ú. ÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ©ÀÇ Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø(1859)ÀÇ »ý¹° ÁøÈ·ÐÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ´ÙÀ©ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿°ú °áÇÕÇÏ¿© 1870³â´ë ÈÄ¿¡ ´õ Áøº¸µÈ Áö½ÄÀ» ÀüÇÔ.
Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼ÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸® Ã¥ Á¦1±Ç. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer
CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
________________________________________
PART I.?THE DATA OF BIOLOGY.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. ?ORGANIC MATTER
3
II. ?THE ACTIONS OF FORCES ON ORGANIC MATTER
27
III. ?THE RE-ACTIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER ON FORCES
45
IIIA. ?METABOLISM
62
IV. ?PROXIMATE CONCEPTION OF LIFE
78
V. ?THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN LIFE AND ITS CIRCUMSTANCES
91
VI. ?THE DEGREE OF LIFE VARIES AS THE DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE
101
VIA. ?THE DYNAMIC ELEMENT IN LIFE
111
VII. ?THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY
124
PART II.?THE INDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGY.
I. ?GROWTH
135
II. ?DEVELOPMENT
162
IIA. ?STRUCTURE
181
III. ?FUNCTION
197
IV. ?WASTE AND REPAIR
213
V. ?ADAPTATION
227
VI. ?INDIVIDUALITY
244
VIA. ?CELL-LIFE AND CELL-MULTIPLICATION
252
VII. ?GENESIS
269
VIII. ?HEREDITY
301
IX. ?VARIATION
320
X. ?GENESIS, HEREDITY, AND VARIATION
336
{xii}
XA. ?GENESIS, HEREDITY, AND VARIATION?Concluded
356
XI. ?CLASSIFICATION
374
XII. ?DISTRIBUTION
395
PART III.?THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE.
I. ?PRELIMINARY
415
II. ?GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECIAL-CREATION-HYPOTHESIS
417
III. ?GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION-HYPOTHESIS
431
IV. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM CLASSIFICATION
441
V. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM EMBRYOLOGY
450
VI. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM MORPHOLOGY
468
VII. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM DISTRIBUTION
476
VIII. ?HOW IS ORGANIC EVOLUTION CAUSED?
490
IX. ?EXTERNAL FACTORS
499
X. ?INTERNAL FACTORS
508
XI. ?DIRECT EQUILIBRATION
519
XII. ?INDIRECT EQUILIBRATION
529
XIII. ?THE CO-OPERATION OF THE FACTORS
549
XIV. ?THE CONVERGENCE OF THE EVIDENCES
554
XIVA. ?RECENT CRITICISMS AND HYPOTHESES
559
APPENDICES.
A. ?THE GENERAL LAW OF ANIMAL FERTILITY
577
B. ?THE INADEQUACY OF NATURAL SELECTION, ETC.
602
C. ?THE INHERITANCE OF FUNCTIONALLY-WROUGHT MODIFICATIONS:
A SUMMARY
692
D. ?ON ALLEGED "SPONTANEOUS GENERATION" AND ON THE HYPOTHESIS
OF PHYSIOLOGICAL UNITS
696