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Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­ÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸® Ã¥ Á¦1±Ç. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer


Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­ÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸® Ã¥ Á¦1±Ç. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer

Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­ÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸® Ã¥ Á¦1±Ç. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer

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Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­ÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸® Ã¥ Á¦1±Ç. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer
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THE PRINCIPLES OF
BIOLOGY
BY
HERBERT SPENCER

IN TWO VOLUMES
VOLUME I
NEW YORK AND LONDON
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY
1910
COPYRIGHT, 1866, 1898,
BY D. APPLETON AND COMPANY.

½ºÆæ¼­´Â Çä½½¸® ±×¸®°í ´ÚÅÍÈÅ°Å µî¿¡°Ô ¼­¹®¿¡¼­ °¨»ç¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ°í ¼­¹®ÀÇ ¿©·¯ Ã¥µéÀ» µ¶ÇÐÇؼ­ Ã¥À» ¸¸µë. Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­ÀÇ Ã¥ÀÎ Á¾ÇÕöÇÐü°è The Synthetic Philosophy (Àü10±Ç)´Â 1860³â °³¿ä¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ°í 1896³â±îÁö 36³â°£ ¹ßÇ¥. Á¦1±Ç Á¦1¿ø¸® First Principles (1862), Á¦2,3±Ç »ý¹°ÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Biology (1864-1867), Á¦4,5±Ç ½É¸®ÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Psychology (1870-1872), Á¦6,7,8±Ç »çȸÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Sociology (1876-1896), Á¦9,10±Ç À±¸®ÇÐ ¿ø¸® Principles of Ethics (1879-1893) µî ¼øÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î °£ÇàµÈ ´ëÀú¼­·Î¼­, ¿ìÁÖÀÇ »ý¼º¿¡¼­ºÎÅÍ Àΰ£»çȸÀÇ µµ´ö¿ø¸® Àü°³¿¡ ±îÁöÀÇ ¸ðµç °ÍÀ» ÁøÈ­(evolution)ÀÇ ¿ø¸®¿¡ µû¶ó Á¶Á÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ±â¼ú. ÀÌ´Â ´ÙÀ©ÀÇ Á¾ÀÇ ±â¿ø(1859)ÀÇ »ý¹° ÁøÈ­·ÐÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â ´ÙÀ©ÁÖÀÇ ¿îµ¿°ú °áÇÕÇÏ¿© 1870³â´ë ÈÄ¿¡ ´õ Áøº¸µÈ Áö½ÄÀ» ÀüÇÔ.

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Çã¹öÆ® ½ºÆæ¼­ÀÇ »ý¹°ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¸® Ã¥ Á¦1±Ç. The Book of The Principles of Biology, Volume 1 (of 2), by Herbert Spencer

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.
________________________________________
PART I.?THE DATA OF BIOLOGY.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. ?ORGANIC MATTER
3

II. ?THE ACTIONS OF FORCES ON ORGANIC MATTER
27

III. ?THE RE-ACTIONS OF ORGANIC MATTER ON FORCES
45

IIIA. ?METABOLISM
62

IV. ?PROXIMATE CONCEPTION OF LIFE
78

V. ?THE CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN LIFE AND ITS CIRCUMSTANCES
91

VI. ?THE DEGREE OF LIFE VARIES AS THE DEGREE OF CORRESPONDENCE
101

VIA. ?THE DYNAMIC ELEMENT IN LIFE
111

VII. ?THE SCOPE OF BIOLOGY
124

PART II.?THE INDUCTIONS OF BIOLOGY.
I. ?GROWTH
135

II. ?DEVELOPMENT
162

IIA. ?STRUCTURE
181

III. ?FUNCTION
197

IV. ?WASTE AND REPAIR
213

V. ?ADAPTATION
227

VI. ?INDIVIDUALITY
244

VIA. ?CELL-LIFE AND CELL-MULTIPLICATION
252

VII. ?GENESIS
269

VIII. ?HEREDITY
301

IX. ?VARIATION
320

X. ?GENESIS, HEREDITY, AND VARIATION
336

{xii}
XA. ?GENESIS, HEREDITY, AND VARIATION?Concluded
356

XI. ?CLASSIFICATION
374

XII. ?DISTRIBUTION
395

PART III.?THE EVOLUTION OF LIFE.
I. ?PRELIMINARY
415

II. ?GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE SPECIAL-CREATION-HYPOTHESIS
417

III. ?GENERAL ASPECTS OF THE EVOLUTION-HYPOTHESIS
431

IV. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM CLASSIFICATION
441

V. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM EMBRYOLOGY
450

VI. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM MORPHOLOGY
468

VII. ?THE ARGUMENTS FROM DISTRIBUTION
476

VIII. ?HOW IS ORGANIC EVOLUTION CAUSED?
490

IX. ?EXTERNAL FACTORS
499

X. ?INTERNAL FACTORS
508

XI. ?DIRECT EQUILIBRATION
519

XII. ?INDIRECT EQUILIBRATION
529

XIII. ?THE CO-OPERATION OF THE FACTORS
549

XIV. ?THE CONVERGENCE OF THE EVIDENCES
554

XIVA. ?RECENT CRITICISMS AND HYPOTHESES
559

APPENDICES.
A. ?THE GENERAL LAW OF ANIMAL FERTILITY
577

B. ?THE INADEQUACY OF NATURAL SELECTION, ETC.
602

C. ?THE INHERITANCE OF FUNCTIONALLY-WROUGHT MODIFICATIONS:
A SUMMARY
692

D. ?ON ALLEGED "SPONTANEOUS GENERATION" AND ON THE HYPOTHESIS
OF PHYSIOLOGICAL UNITS
696