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È­ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¼Òµé. The Book of Elements of Chemistry, ,by Antoine Lavoisier


È­ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¼Òµé. The Book of Elements of Chemistry, ,by Antoine Lavoisier

È­ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¼Òµé. The Book of Elements of Chemistry, ,by Antoine Lavoisier

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È­ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¼Òµé. The Book of Elements of Chemistry,, by Antoine Lavoisier

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Title: Elements of Chemistry,
In a New Systematic Order, Containing all the Modern Discoveries Author: Antoine Lavoisier
Translator: Robert Ker

ELEMENTS
OF
CHEMISTRY,
IN A
NEW SYSTEMATIC ORDER, CONTAINING ALL THE MODERN DISCOVERIES.
ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN COPPERPLATES.
BY MR LAVOISIER,
Member of the Academy of Sciences, Royal Society of Medicine, and Agricultural Society of Paris, of the Royal Society of London, and
Philosophical Societies of Orleans, Bologna, Basil, Philadelphia, Haerlem,
Manchester, &c. &c.
TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH,
BY ROBERT KERR, F.R. & A.SS.E.
Member of the Royal College of Surgeons, and Surgeon to the Orphan
Hospital of Edinburgh.
EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOR WILLIAM CREECH, AND SOLD IN LONDON BY G. G.
AND J. J. ROBINSONS.
MDCCXC.

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È­ÇÐÀÇ ¿ø¼Òµé. The Book of Elements of Chemistry,, by Antoine Lavoisier

CONTENTS.
PART FIRST.

Of the Formation and Decomposition of Aeriform Fluids,
?of the Combustion of Simple Bodies, and the Formation of Acids,Page 1

CHAP. I.?Of the Combinations of Caloric, and the Formation of Elastic Aeriform Fluids or Gasses,ibid.

CHAP. II.?General Views relative to the Formation and Composition of our Atmosphere,26

CHAP. III.?Analysis of Atmospheric Air, and its Division into two Elastic Fluids;
one fit for Respiration, the other incapable of being respired,32

CHAP. IV.?Nomenclature of the several constituent Parts of Atmospheric Air,48

CHAP. V.?Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas by Sulphur,
Phosphorus, and Charcoal, and [Pg xl]of the Formation of Acids in general,54

CHAP. VI.?Of the Nomenclature of Acids in general, and particularly of those drawn from Nitre and Sea Salt,66

CHAP. VII.?Of the Decomposition of Oxygen Gas
by means of Metals, and the Formation of Metallic Oxyds,78

CHAP. VIII.?Of the Radical Principle of Water, and of its Decomposition by Charcoal and Iron,83

CHAP. IX.?Of the Quantities of Caloric disengaged from different Species of Combustion,97

Combustion of Phosphorus,100

SECT. I.?Combustion of Charcoal,101

SECT. II.?Combustion of Hydrogen Gas,102

SECT. III.?Formation of Nitric Acid,102

SECT. IV.?Combustion of Wax,105

SECT. V.?Combustion of Olive Oil,106

CHAP. X.?Of the Combustion of Combustible Substances with each other,109

CHAP. XI.?Observations upon Oxyds and Acids with several Bases,
and upon the Composition of Animal and Vegetable Substances,115

CHAP. XII.?Of the Decomposition of Vegetable and Animal Substances by the Action of Fire,123

CHAP. XIII.?Of the Decomposition of Vegetable Oxyds by the Vinous Fermentation,129

CHAP. XIV.?Of the Putrefactive Fermentation,141

CHAP. XV.?Of the Acetous Fermentation,146

CHAP. XVI.?Of the Formation of Neutral Salts, and of their Bases,149
[Pg xli]
SECT. I.?Of Potash,151

SECT. II.?Of Soda,155

SECT. III.?Of Ammoniac,156

SECT. IV.?Of Lime, Magnesia, Barytes, and Argill,157

SECT. V.?Of Metallic Bodies,159

CHAP. XVII.?Continuation of the Observations upon Salifiable Bases, and the Formation of Neutral Salts,161


PART II.

Of the Combinations of Acids with Salifiable Bases, and of the Formation of Neutral Salts,175

INTRODUCTION,ibid.

TABLE of Simple Substances,175

SECT. I.?Observations upon simple Substances,176

TABLE of Compound Oxydable and Acidifiable Bases,179

SECT. II.?Observations upon Compound Radicals,180

SECT. III.?Observations upon the Combinations of Light and Caloric with different Substances,182

[Pg xlii]TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with the Simple Substances, to face185

SECT. IV.?Observations upon these Combinations,185

TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygen with Compound Radicals,190

SECT. V.?Observations upon these Combinations,191

TABLE of the Combinations of Azote with the Simple Substances,194

SECT VI.?Observations upon these Combinations of Azote,195

TABLE of the Combinations of Hydrogen with Simple Substances,198

SECT. VII.?Observations upon Hydrogen, and its Combinations,199

TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Sulphur with the Simple Substances,202

SECT. VIII.?Observations upon Sulphur, and its Combinations,203

TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorus with Simple Substances,204

SECT. IX.?Observations upon Phosphorus and its Combinations,205

TABLE of the Binary Combinations of Charcoal,207

SECT. X.?Observations upon Charcoal, and its Combinations,208

SECT. XI.?Observations upon the Muriatic, Fluoric, and Boracic Radicals, and their Combinations,209

[Pg xliii]SECT. XII.?Observations upon the Combinations of Metals with each other,219

TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitrous Acid, with the Salifiable Bases,212

TABLE of the Combinations of Azote, in the State of Nitric Acid, with the Salifiable Bases,213

SECT. XIII.?Observations upon Nitrous and Nitric Acids, and their Combinations with Salifiable Bases,214

TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphuric Acid with the Salifiable Bases,218

SECT. XIV.?Observations upon Sulphuric Acid, and its Combinations,219

TABLE of the Combinations of Sulphurous Acid,222

SECT. XV.?Observations upon Sulphurous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,223

TABLE of the Combinations of Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids,225

SECT. XVI.?Observations upon Phosphorous and Phosphoric Acids, and their Combinations with Salifiable Bases,226

TABLE of the Combinations of Carbonic Acid,228

SECT. XVII.?Observations upon Carbonic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,229

TABLE of the Combinations of Muriatic Acid,231

TABLE of the Combinations of Oxygenated Muriatic Acid,232

[Pg xliv]SECT. XVIII.?Observations upon Muriatic and Oxygenated Muriatic Acid,
and their Combinations with Salifiable Bases,233

TABLE of the Combinations of Nitro-Muriatic Acid,236

SECT. XIX.?Observations upon Nitro-muriatic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,237

TABLE of the Combinations of Fluoric Acid,239

SECT. XX.?Observations upon Fluoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,240

TABLE of the Combinations of Boracic Acid,242

SECT. XXI.?Observations upon Boracic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,243

TABLE of the Combinations of Arseniac Acid,246

SECT. XXII.?Observations upon Arseniac Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,247

SECT. XXIII.?Observations upon Molibdic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,249

SECT. XXIV.?Observations upon Tungstic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,
and a Table of these in the order of their Affinity,251

TABLE of the Combinations of Tartarous Acid,253

SECT. XXV.?Observations upon Tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,254

SECT. XXVI.?Observations upon Mallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,256

TABLE of the Combinations of Citric Acid,258

SECT. XXVII.?Observations upon Citric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,259

[Pg xlv]TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-lignous Acid,260

SECT. XXVIII.?Observations upon Pyro-lignous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,261

SECT. XXIX.?Observations upon Pyro-tartarous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,ibid.

TABLE of the Combinations of Pyro-mucous Acid,263

SECT. XXX.?Observations upon Pyro-mucous Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,264

TABLE of the Combinations of Oxalic Acid,265

SECT. XXXI.?Observations upon Oxalic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,266

TABLE of the Combinations of Acetous Acid, to face267

SECT. XXXII.?Observations upon Acetous Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases,267

TABLE of the Combinations of Acetic Acid,271

SECT. XXXIII.?Observations upon Acetic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,272

TABLE of the Combinations of Succinic Acid,273

SECT. XXXIV.?Observations upon Succinic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,274

SECT. XXXV.?Observations upon Benzoic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,275

SECT. XXXVI.?Observations upon Camphoric Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable [Pg xlvi]Bases,276

SECT. XXXVII.?Observations upon Gallic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,277

SECT. XXXVIII.?Observations upon Lactic Acid, and its Combinations with Salifiable Bases,278

TABLE of the Combinations of Saccholactic Acid,280

SECT. XXXIX.?Observations upon Saccholactic Acid, and its Combination with Salifiable Bases,281

TABLE of the Combinations of Formic Acid,282

SECT. XL.?Observations upon Formic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases,283

SECT. XLI.?Observations upon the Bombic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases,284

TABLE of the Combinations of the Sebacic Acid,285

SECT. XLII.?Observations upon the Sebacic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases,286

SECT. XLIII.?Observations upon the Lithic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases,287

TABLE of the Combinations of the Prussic Acid,288

SECT. XLIV.?Observations upon the Prussic Acid, and its Combinations with the Salifiable Bases,289


PART III.

[Pg xlvii]Description of the Instruments and Operations of Chemistry,291

INTRODUCTION,291

CHAP. I.?Of the Instruments necessary for determining
the Absolute and Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Bodies,295

CHAP. II.?Of Gazometry, or the Measurement of the Weight and Volume of Aeriform Substances,304

SECT. I.?Of the Pneumato-chemical Apparatus,ibid.

SECT. II.?Of the Gazometer,308

SECT. III.?Some other methods for Measuring the Volume of Gasses,319

SECT. IV.?Of the method of Separating the different Gasses from each other,323

SECT. V.?Of the necessary Corrections of the Volume of Gasses,
according to the Pressure of the Atmosphere,328

SECT. VI.?Of the Correction relative to the Degrees of the Thermometer,335

SECT. VII.?Example for Calculating the Corrections
relative to the Variations of Pressure and Temperature,337

SECT. VIII.?Method of determining the Weight of the different Gasses,340

CHAP. III.?Description of the Calorimeter, or Apparatus for measuring Caloric,343

CHAP. IV.?Of the Mechanical Operations for Division of Bodies,357

[Pg xlviii]SECT. I.?Of Trituration, Levigation, and Pulverization,ibid.

SECT. II.?Of Sifting and Washing Powdered Substances,361

SECT. III.?Of Filtration,363

SECT. IV.?Of Decantation,365

CHAP. V.?Of Chemical means for Separating the Particles of Bodies
from each other without Decomposition, and for Uniting them again,367

SECT. I.?Of the Solution of Salts,368

SECT. II.?Of Lixiviation,373

SECT. III.?Of Evaporation,375

SECT. IV.?Of Cristallization,379

SECT. V.?Of Simple Distillation,384

SECT. VI.?Of Sublimation,388

CHAP. VI.?Of Pneumato-chemical Distillations, Metallic Dissolutions,
and some other operations which require very complicated instruments,390

SECT. I.?Of Compound and Pneumato-chemical Distillations,ibid.

SECT. II.?Of Metallic Dissolutions,398

SECT. III.?Apparatus necessary in Experiments upon Vinous and Putrefactive Fermentations,401

SECT. IV.?Apparatus for the Decomposition of Water,404

CHAP. VII.?Of the Composition and Use of Lutes,407

CHAP. VIII.?Of Operations upon Combustion and Deflagration,414

SECT. I.?Of Combustion in general,ibid.

SECT. II.?Of the Combustion of Phosphorus,418

[Pg xlix]SECT. III.?Of the Combustion of Charcoal,422

SECT. IV.?Of the Combustion of Oils,426

SECT. V.?Of the Combustion of Alkohol,433

SECT. VI.?Of the Combustion of Ether,435

SECT. VII.?Of the Combustion of Hydrogen Gas, and the Formation of Water,437

SECT. VIII.?Of the Oxydation of Metals,441

CHAP. IX.?Of Deflagration,452

CHAP. X.?Of the Instruments necessary for Operating upon Bodies in very high Temperatures,460

SECT. I.?Of Fusion,ibid.

SECT. II.?Of Furnaces,462

SECT. III.?Of increasing the Action of Fire, by using Oxygen Gas instead of Atmospheric Air,474


APPENDIX.

No. I.?TABLE for Converting Lines, or Twelfth Parts of an Inch,
and Fractions of Lines, into Decimal Fractions of the Inch,481

No. II.?TABLE for Converting the Observed Heighth of Water in the Jars of the Pneumato-Chemical
Apparatus, expressed in Inches and Decimals, into Corresponding Heighths of Mercury,482

No. III.?TABLE for Converting the Ounce Measures used
by Dr Priestley into French and English Cubical Inches,483

[Pg l]No. IV.?TABLE for Reducing the Degrees of
Reaumeur's Thermometer into its corresponding Degrees of Fahrenheit's Scale,484

No. V.?ADDITIONAL.?RULES for Converting French Weights
and Measures into correspondent English Denominations,485

No. VI.?TABLE of the Weights of the different Gasses, at 28 French inches,
or 29.84 English inches barometrical pressure, and at 10¡Æ (54.5¡Æ) of temperature,
expressed in English measure and English Troy weight,490

No. VII.?TABLES of the Specific Gravities of different bodies,491

No. VIII.?ADDITIONAL.?RULES for Calculating the Absolute Gravity in English Troy Weight of a
Cubic Foot and Inch, English Measure, of any Substance whose Specific Gravity is known,505

No. IX.?TABLES for Converting Ounces, Drams, and Grains, Troy, into
Decimals of the Troy Pound of 12 Ounces, and for Converting Decimals of the Pound Troy
into Ounces, &c.508

No. X.?TABLE of the English Cubical Inches and Decimals corresponding to a determinate Troy
Weight of Distilled Water at the Temperature of 55¡Æ, calculated from Everard's experiment,511