칸트의 순수이성비판. The Book of The Critique of Pure Reason, by Immanuel Kant

Title: The Critique of Pure Reason Author: Immanuel Kant Translator: J. M. D. Meiklejohn Language: English

한자.純粹理性批判. 독일어.Kritik der reinen Vernunft. 영어.the Critique of Pure Reason
1. 개요
2. 형이상학과 순수이성비판
2.1. 형이상학에 대해서
2.2. 순수이성비판의 형이상학적 목표
2.3. 순수이성비판에서는 수학과 물리학을 정초했다?
2.4. 순수이성비판 번역어를 둘러싼 논쟁
3. 주요 내용 정리
3.1. 도입
3.1.1. 선천과 후험
3.1.2. 분석과 종합, 그리고 '선천적 종합'
3.1.3. 선험철학 혹은 순수이성비판의 이념
3.2. 순수이성비판의 구조
3.3. 선험적 감성론
3.3.1. 공간론
3.3.2. 시간론
3.3.3. 사물들 자체와 사물들 자체의 불가지론
3.4. 선험적 논리학
3.4.1. 본문에 들어가기에 이해를 위한 보충 설명들
3.4.1.1. (들어가기에 앞서) 순수이성비판 선험적 논리학의 이해를 위한 배경
3.4.1.2. 선험적 분석론의 개괄적 요약
3.4.1.2.1. 선험적 분석론의 세항을 이해하기 위한 예비적 주의
3.4.1.3. 코페르니쿠스적 전회
3.4.2. (제1편) 개념의 분석론
3.4.2.1. 제1편 개념의 분석론 중 '제2절 지성의 순수한 개념의 선험적 연역' 에 대해서 가능한 하나의 이해
3.4.3. (제2편) 원칙의 분석론

이마누엘 칸트의 주요 저서. 서양 근대 철학사를 합리주의와 경험주의 에서 철학사에서 인식론, 형이상학, 과학철학, 심리철학 등 무수한 분야에서 큰 영향.

칸트의 주요 3대 저서.
첫 번째 "순수 이성 비판"이요, 이는 "어떻게 인간이 지식을 창출해 내며, 사물을 알 수 있는지"를 논한다.
두 번째 "실천 이성 비판"이요, 이는 "어떻게 인간이 (윤리적으로) 옳고 그름을 판단하며, 그것을 실천할 수 있는지"를 논한다.
세 번째는 "판단력 비판"이요, 이는 "어떻게 인간이 심미적으로 아름다운 것의 여부를 판단하며, 그것을 직관할 수 있는지"를 담고 있다. 이 세 저서은 "진리(眞)", "윤리(善)", "아름다움(美)".
진리에 대해서 논하는 순수이성비판이라는 저작에서 칸트가 굳이 순수이성이라는 단어를 사용한 이유는 다음과 같다. 인간의 지식은 경험과 판단에 의해서 만들어지는데, "경험"은 "후험적"인 것이고, "외부적"인 것이다. 그래서, 외부적인 "경험"이라는 요소를 제거한 채, 순수한 인간 이성만을 둔 채로 그 작용 방식을 논하고자 하였다. "순수이성"은 오직 이성 그 자체만을 의미하는 것이고, "비판"이라는 단어는 "판단", "분석"이라는 의미를 내포. 결론으로 이 책은 "순수한 인간이성을 분석한다." 라는 의미.
칸트는 인간 이성의 그 작용원리와 근거를 제시하고, 모든 인간 지식의 참과 거짓에 대한 기준을 제시할 수 있을 것이라 생각.

칸트의 순수이성비판. The Book of The Critique of Pure Reason, by Immanuel Kant

Contents
Preface to the First Edition (1781)

Preface to the Second Edition (1787)

Introduction
I. Of the difference between Pure and Empirical Knowledge
II. The Human Intellect, even in an Unphilosophical State, is in Possession of Certain Cognitions “a priori”.
III. Philosophy stands in need of a Science which shall Determine the Possibility, Principles, and Extent of Human Knowledge “a priori”
IV. Of the Difference Between Analytical and Synthetical Judgements.
V. In all Theoretical Sciences of Reason, Synthetical Judgements “a priori” are contained as Principles.
VI. The Universal Problem of Pure Reason.
VII. Idea and Division of a Particular Science, under the Name of a Critique of Pure Reason.
I. Transcendental Doctrine of Elements
First Part?TRANSCENDENTAL ÆSTHETIC
§ 1. Introductory
SECTION I. OF SPACE
§ 2. Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.
§ 3. Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Space.
§ 4. Conclusions from the foregoing Conceptions.
SECTION II. OF TIME
§ 5. Metaphysical Exposition of this Conception.
§ 6. Transcendental Exposition of the Conception of Time.
§ 7. Conclusions from the above Conceptions.
§ 8. Elucidation.
§ 9. General Remarks on Transcendental Æsthetic.
§ 10. Conclusion of the Transcendental Æsthetic.
Second Part?TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC
Introduction. Idea of a Transcendental Logic
I. Of Logic in General
II. Of Transcendental Logic
III. Of the Division of General Logic into Analytic and Dialectic
IV. Of the Division of Transcendental Logic into Transcendental Analytic and Dialectic
FIRST DIVISION?TRANSCENDENTAL ANALYTIC
BOOK I. Analytic of Conceptions. § 2
Chapter I. Of the Transcendental Clue to the Discovery of all Pure Conceptions of the Understanding
Introductory § 3
Section I. Of the Logical Use of the Understanding in General. § 4
Section II. Of the Logical Function of the Understanding in Judgements. § 5
Section III. Of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding, or Categories. § 6
Chapter II. Of the Deduction of the Pure Conception of the Understanding
Section I. Of the Principles of a Transcendental Deduction in general § 9
Transition to the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories. § 10
Section II Transcendental Deduction of the pure Conceptions of the Understanding.
Of the Possibility of a Conjunction of the manifold representations given by Sense. § 11.
Of the Originally Synthetical Unity of Apperception. § 12
The Principle of the Synthetical Unity of Apperception is the highest Principle of all exercise of the Understanding. § 13
What Objective Unity of Self-consciousness is. § 14
The Logical Form of all Judgements consists in the Objective Unity of Apperception of the Conceptions contained therein. § 15
All Sensuous Intuitions are subject to the Categories, as Conditions under which alone the manifold Content of them can be united in one Consciousness. § 16
Observation. § 17
In Cognition, its Application to Objects of Experience is the only legitimate use of the Category. § 18
Of the Application of the Categories to Objects of the Senses in general. § 20
Transcendental Deduction of the universally possible employment in experience of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding. § 22
Result of this Deduction of the Conceptions of the Understanding. § 23
BOOK II. Analytic of Principles
INTRODUCTION. Of the Transcendental Faculty of judgement in General.
TRANSCENDENTAL DOCTRINE OF THE FACULTY OF JUDGEMENT OR, ANALYTIC OF PRINCIPLES.
Chapter I. Of the Schematism at of the Pure Conceptions of the Understanding.
Chapter II. System of all Principles of the Pure Understanding.
Section I. Of the Supreme Principle of all Analytical Judgements.
Section II. Of the Supreme Principle of all Synthetical Judgements.
Section III. Systematic Representation of all Synthetical Principles of the Pure Understanding.
Chapter III Of the Ground of the Division of all Objects into Phenomena and Noumena.
APPENDIX.
SECOND DIVISION?TRANSCENDENTAL LOGIC
TRANSCENDENTAL DIALECTIC. INTRODUCTION.
I. Of Transcendental Illusory Appearance.
II. Of Pure Reason as the Seat of Transcendental Illusory Appearance.
TRANSCENDENTAL DIALECTIC?BOOK I?OF THE CONCEPTIONS OF PURE REASON.
Section I?Of Ideas in General.
Section II. Of Transcendental Ideas.
Section III. System of Transcendental Ideas.
TRANSCENDENTAL DIALECTIC?BOOK II?OF THE DIALECTICAL PROCEDURE OF PURE REASON.
Chapter I. Of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason.
Chapter II. The Antinomy of Pure Reason.
Section I. System of Cosmological Ideas.
Section II. Antithetic of Pure Reason.
Section III. Of the Interest of Reason in these Self-contradictions.
Section IV. Of the necessity imposed upon Pure Reason of presenting a Solution of its Transcendental Problems.
Section V. Sceptical Exposition of the Cosmological Problems presented in the four Transcendental Ideas.
Section VI. Transcendental Idealism as the Key to the Solution of Pure Cosmological Dialectic.
Section VII. Critical Solution of the Cosmological Problem.
Section VIII. Regulative Principle of Pure Reason in relation to the Cosmological Ideas.
Section IX. Of the Empirical Use of the Regulative Principle of Reason with regard to the Cosmological Ideas.
I. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Composition of Phenomena in the Universe.
II. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Division of a Whole given in Intuition.
III. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Deduction of Cosmical Events from their Causes.
IV. Solution of the Cosmological Idea of the Totality of the Dependence of Phenomenal Existences.
Chapter III. The Ideal of Pure Reason.
Section I. Of the Ideal in General.
Section II. Of the Transcendental Ideal (Prototypon Trancendentale).
Section III. Of the Arguments employed by Speculative Reason in Proof of the Existence of a Supreme Being.
Section IV. Of the Impossibility of an Ontological Proof of the Existence of God.
Section V. Of the Impossibility of a Cosmological Proof of the Existence of God.
Section VI. Of the Impossibility of a Physico-Theological Proof.
Section VII. Critique of all Theology based upon Speculative Principles of Reason.
Appendix. Of the Regulative Employment of the Ideas of Pure Reason.
II. Transcendental Doctrine of Method
Chapter I. The Discipline of Pure Reason.
Section I. The Discipline of Pure Reason in the Sphere of Dogmatism.
Section II. The Discipline of Pure Reason in Polemics.
Section III. The Discipline of Pure Reason in Hypothesis.
Section IV. The Discipline of Pure Reason in Relation to Proofs.
Chapter II. The Canon of Pure Reason.
Section I. Of the Ultimate End of the Pure Use of Reason.
Section II. Of the Ideal of the Summum Bonum as a Determining Ground of the Ultimate End of Pure Reason.
Section III. Of Opinion, Knowledge, and Belief.
Chapter III. The Architectonic of Pure Reason.
Chapter IV. The History of Pure Reason.