¢º "Good is pleasure combined with reason, evil is pain combined with reasonlessness."£¨"¼±Àº À̼º°ú °áÇÕµÈ Äè¶ôÀÌ°í, ¾ÇÀº À̼ºÀÌ °áÇÕµÈ °íÅëÀÌ´Ù."£©:¡¡ÇöóÅæÀÇ ÇÊ·¹º¸½º(Philebus by Plato)´Â ÇöóÅæ(Plato, BC427?~BC347?)ÀÇ Èı⠴ëÈÆí(Plato's Late Dialogues)¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î ±×ÀÇ ½º½Â ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º(Socrates, BC470?~BC399)¿Í ÇÁ·ÎŸ¸£ÄÚ½º(Protarchus), ÇÊ·¹º¸½º(Philebus)°¡ Äè¶ô, Áö½Ä ¹× ÁÁÀº »îÀÇ º»Áú¿¡ ´ëÇØ Å½±¸ÇÑ ½Éµµ ±íÀº ´ëÈ·ÏÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÇÊ·¹º¸½º(Philebus by Plato)´Â °á·ÐÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °á¸»¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸ÇÏ°í ÇϳªÀÇ ±Ù¿øÀûÀΠȵο¡ ´ëÇÑ Å½±¸¸¦ À§ÇØ »ó´ë¹æ¿¡°Ô Áú¹®ÇÏ°í, À̸¦ ¹Ý¹ÚÇÏ¸ç °ËÁõÇØ ³ª°¡´Â ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½ºÀÇ ´ëȹý(Socratic Dialog)À» Ãæ½ÇÇÏ°Ô º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â ÀÛÇ°ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics)°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»! B
¢º "The life of pleasure, if lived without reason, is the most foolish and worthless of all lives."("Äè¶ôÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â »îÀº ÀÌÀ¯ ¾øÀÌ »ê´Ù¸é °¡Àå ¾î¸®¼®°í ¹«°¡Ä¡ÇÑ »îÀÏÁøÀú!") : ÇÊ·¹º¸½º(Philebus by Plato)´Â ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º¿Í ±×ÀÇ Ä£±¸ ÇÁ·ÎŸ¸£ÄÚ½º°¡ Äè¶ô°ú Áö½ÄÀÌ ÃÖ°íÀÇ ¼±ÀÎÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áú¹®À¸·Î ½ÃÀ۵˴ϴÙ. °ð Áñ°Å¿òÀÌ ±Ã±ØÀûÀÎ ¼±À̶ó°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÇÊ·¹º¸½º¿Í ÇÕ·ùÇÏ°í, ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º´Â Áö½ÄÀÌ ´õ °¡Ä¡ ÀÖ´Ù¸ç ¹Ý¹ÚÀ» ½ÃÀÛÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÀÌÈÄ ±×µéÀº Áñ°Å¿òÀÇ º»Áú°ú Àΰ£ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ ÇÑ°è¿¡ ´ëÇØ ³íÀǸ¦ À̾°©´Ï´Ù. ÀÛÇ°À» ÅëÇØ ÇöóÅæÀº Äè¶ô¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹Ì¹¦ÇÑ °üÁ¡À» Á¦½ÃÇϴµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ´Ü¼øÈ÷ Äè¶ôÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁöÀû ¹× ¹ÌÀû Äè¶ôÀÇ Á߿伺À» °í·ÁÇÑ °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º´Â ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Äè¶ôÀº ¾î´À ÇÑ °¡Áö Äè¶ôÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ°í ´Ù¸¥ Äè¶ôÀ» ¹èÁ¦ÇÏ´Â µ¥¼ ¿À´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¼·Î ´Ù¸¥ Äè¶ôÀÌ Á¶È·Ó°Ô ¾î¿ì·¯Áö´Â µ¥¼ ³ª¿Â´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇϸç, ÁøÁ¤À¸·Î Ã游ÇÑ »îÀ» ¼ºÃëÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î Áö½Ä°ú ÁöÇýÀÇ Á߿伺À» °Á¶ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù.
¢º "True pleasure is not found in the physical pleasures of the body, but in the satisfaction of our higher intellectual and moral desires."("ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ Äè¶ôÀº À°Ã¼ÀÇ À°Ã¼Àû Äè¶ôÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ´õ ³ôÀº ÁöÀû, µµ´öÀû ¿å±¸¸¦ ¸¸Á·½ÃÅ°´Â µ¥ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.") :¡¡ÇÊ·¹º¸½º(Philebus by Plato)ÀÇ ÇÙ½É ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î Áß Çϳª´Â ÁöÀû Äè¶ô°ú °¨°¢Àû Äè¶ôÀ» ±ÕÇü ÀÖ°Ô °áÇÕÇÑ "È¥ÇÕ »ýÈ°(mixed life)"ÀÇ °³³äÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÇöóÅæ¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌ°ÍÀÌ °³ÀÎÀÌ °úµµÇÔÀ̳ª ¾Ç´ö¿¡ ±¼º¹ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ¸ö°ú ¸¶À½ÀÇ Áñ°Å¿òÀ» ¸ðµÎ °æÇèÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ÀÌ»óÀûÀÎ »îÀÇ ¹æ½ÄÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º´Â ¶ÇÇÑ ¹«ÇÑ°ú À¯ÇÑÀÇ °³³äÀ» Ž±¸ÇÏ¸é¼ ¹«ÇÑÇÑ Äè¶ôÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«ÀÍÇÏ°í ºÒ¸¸Á·½º·¯¿î ¹Ý¸é, À̼º ¾È¿¡¼ À¯ÇÑÇÑ Äè¶ôÀ» Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ÁøÁ¤ÇÑ ÇູÀ¸·Î À̾îÁú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±Ã±ØÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÊ·¹º¸½º(Philebus by Plato)´Â µ¶ÀÚ°¡ Áñ°Å¿ò, Áö½Ä ¹× ÁÁÀº »î¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °¡Á¤À» Àç°íÇϵµ·Ï µµÀüÇÏ´Â º¹ÀâÇÏ°í »ý°¢À» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ÀÛÇ°À¸·Î, Äè¶ôÀÇ º»Áú°ú Àΰ£ ¿å¸ÁÀÇ ÇÑ°è¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇöóÅæÀÇ Å½±¸´Â ¿À´Ã³¯¿¡µµ °è¼ÓÇؼ ÀÇ¹Ì ÀÖ°í ½Ã»ç ÇÏ´Â ¹Ù°¡ Å®´Ï´Ù.
¢º ½º½Â ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º¸¦ À§ÇÑ Âù°¡, ÇöóÅæÀÇ ´ëÈÆí(Plato's Dialogues) : ºÎÀ¯ÇÑ ºÎ¸ð¸¦ µÐ ÇöóÅæÀº ´ç½Ã ¾ÆÅ׳׿¡¼ ¼±Ç³ÀûÀÎ Àα⸦ ²ø´ø ºñ±Ø °æ¿¬´ëȸ¿¡ Âü¼®Çϱâ À§ÇØ Á÷Á¢ ºñ±ØÀ» ÁýÇÊÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯´ø Áß µð¿À´Ï¼Ò½º ±ØÀå ¾Õ¿¡¼ ÀڽŸ¸ÀÇ ¹®´ä¹ýÀ¸·Î ¾ÆÅ×³× ½Ã¹Îµé¿¡°Ô ±ú´ÞÀ½À» Àü´ÞÇÏ´Â ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º¸¦ ¸¸³µ°í, À̴ û³â ÇöóÅæ¿¡°Ô Å« Ãæ°ÝÀ» ÁÖ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±Þ±â¾ß ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» ¸ðµÎ ºÒÅ¿ö ¹ö¸° ÈÄ ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½ºÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ·Î ÀÔ¹®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Èʳ¯ ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º¸¦ ÁÖÀΰøÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â 30¿© ÆíÀÇ ¡®ÇöóÅæÀÇ ´ëÈÆí¡¯À» ÅëÇØ ½º½Â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Á¸°æ½ÉÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±×ÀÇ Á¦ÀÚ ¾Æ¸®½ºÅäÅÚ·¹½º°¡ ½º½Â ÇöóÅæÀ» ºñÆÇÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀ» ´Ùµë¾î °£ °Í°ú´Â ´ëÁ¶µÇ´Â ´ë¸ñÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º°¡ ÇöóÅæÀ» ¸¸³ª±â Àü¿¡ ²Ù¾ú´Ù´Â ¡®¹éÁ¶ ²Þ¡¯ ÀÏȵµ À¯¸íÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ±×´Â ¾î´À ³¯ ¹«¸¿¡ ¾ÉÇô ³õ¾Ò´ø ¹éÁ¶°¡ °©ÀÚ°¡ Çϴ÷Π³¯¾Æ°¡ ¹ö¸®´Â ²ÞÀ» ²Ù¾ú´Âµ¥¡¦¡¦. ÇöóÅæÀ» ¸¸³ªÀÚ ³î¶ó¿òÀ» ±ÝÄ¡ ¸øÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¾Æ´Ï, ÀÚ³×°¡ ¹Ù·Î ±× ¹éÁ¶·Î±º!!
¢º SOCRATES: Philebus was saying that enjoyment and pleasure and delight, and the class of feelings akin to them, are a good to every living being, whereas I contend, that not these, but wisdom and intelligence and memory, and their kindred, right opinion and true reasoning, are better and more desirable than pleasure for all who are able to partake of them, and that to all such who are or ever will be they are the most advantageous of all things. Have I not given, Philebus, a fair statement of the two sides of the argument?
¢¹ ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º: ÇÊ·¹º¸½º´Â ÇâÀ¯, Äè¶ô, ȯÈñ, ±×¸®°í ÀÌ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ °¨Á¤ÀÌ ¸ðµç »ý¸íü¿¡°Ô ÁÁÀº °ÍÀ̶ó°í ¸»ÇÑ ¹Ý¸é, ³ª´Â À̰͵éÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ÁöÇý, Áö¼º, ±â¾ï, ±×¸®°í ±×°Íµé°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¿Ã¹Ù¸¥ °ßÇضó°í ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÂüµÈ Ãß·ÐÀº ±×°Í¿¡ Âü¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±â»Ýº¸´Ù ´õ ³´°í ´õ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷Çϸç, ÇöÀç ¶Ç´Â ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ÀÖÀ» ¸ðµç »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ±×µéÀº ¸ðµç °Í Áß¿¡¼ °¡Àå À¯ÀÍÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ÇÊ·¹º¸½º¿©, ³»°¡ ³íÀïÀÇ ¾ç¸é¿¡ ´ëÇØ °øÁ¤ÇÑ Áø¼úÀ» ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò½À´Ï±î?
¢º SOCRATES: Yes, my good friend, just as colour is like colour;?in so far as colours are colours, there is no difference between them; and yet we all know that black is not only unlike, but even absolutely opposed to white: or again, as figure is like figure, for all figures are comprehended under one class; and yet particular figures may be absolutely opposed to one another, and there is an infinite diversity of them. And we might find similar examples in many other things; therefore do not rely upon this argument, which would go to prove the unity of the most extreme opposites. And I suspect that we shall find a similar opposition among pleasures.
¢¹ ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º: ±×·¡, ³ªÀÇ ÁÁÀº Ä£±¸¿©, »öÀÌ »ö°ú °°µíÀÌ, »öÀÌ »öÀÎ ÇÑ ±×µé »çÀÌ¿¡´Â Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ¿ì¸® ¸ðµÎ´Â °ËÀº»öÀÌ Èò»ö°ú ´Ù¸¦ »Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý´ëµÈ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ƯÁ¤ Çü»óÀº ¼·Î Àý´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ¹Ý´ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ¹«ÇÑÇÑ ´Ù¾ç¼ºÀÌ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¸¹Àº °Í¿¡¼µµ ºñ½ÁÇÑ ¿¹¸¦ ãÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯¹Ç·Î °¡Àå ±Ø´ÜÀûÀÎ ¹Ý´ëÀÇ ÅëÀϼºÀ» Áõ¸íÇÒ ÀÌ ÁÖÀå¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏÁö ¸¶½Ê½Ã¿À. ±×¸®°í ³ª´Â ¿ì¸®°¡ Äè¶ôµé »çÀÌ¿¡¼ À¯»çÇÑ ¹Ý´ë¸¦ ¹ß°ßÇÒ °ÍÀ̶ó°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¢º PROTARCHUS: That is a very serious question, Philebus, to which Socrates has ingeniously brought us round, and please to consider which of us shall answer him; there may be something ridiculous in my being unable to answer, and therefore imposing the task upon you, when I have undertaken the whole charge of the argument, but if neither of us were able to answer, the result methinks would be still more ridiculous. Let us consider, then, what we are to do:?Socrates, if I understood him rightly, is asking whether there are not kinds of pleasure, and what is the number and nature of them, and the same of wisdom.
¢¹ ÇÁ·ÎŸ¸£ÄÚ½º: ±×°ÍÀº ¸Å¿ì ½É°¢ÇÑ Áú¹®ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ³»°¡ ´ë´äÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø¾î¼ ¿ì½º²Î½º·¯¿î ÀÏÀÌ ÀÖÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸£¸ç, ³»°¡ ³íÀïÀÇ ¸ðµç Ã¥ÀÓÀ» ¶°¸Ã¾ÒÀ» ¶§ ´ç½Å¿¡°Ô ±× ÀÏÀ» ºÎ°úÇÏÁö¸¸, ¿ì¸® µÑ ´Ù ´ë´äÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é ±× °á°ú´Â ÈξÀ ´õ ¿ì½º²Î½º·¯¿ï °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¸´Ù¸é ¿ì¸®°¡ ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÀÏÀ» »ý°¢ÇØ º¾½Ã´Ù. ³»°¡ ±×¸¦ ¿Ã¹Ù·Î ÀÌÇØÇß´Ù¸é ¼ÒÅ©¶óÅ×½º´Â Äè¶ô¿¡´Â Á¾·ù°¡ ¾ø´ÂÁö, Äè¶ôÀÇ ¼ö¿Í º»ÁúÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç ÁöÇýµµ ¸¶Âù°¡ÁöÀÎÁö ¹¯°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
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¢º 14°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд ÇöóÅæ(Plato, BC427?~BC347?)
01. ¡°¼¾ç öÇÐÀº ¸ðµÎ ÇöóÅæÀÇ °¢ÁÖ¿¡ ºÒ°úÇÏ´Ù.¡±(¡°It consists of a series of footnotes to Plato.)¡± ft. ¾ËÇÁ·¹µå ³ë½º ÈÀÌÆ®Çìµå(Alfred North Whitehead, 1861~1947)
02. ÇöóÅæÁÖÀÇ(Platonism)ÀÇ Ã¢½ÃÀÚ
03. ¼¾ç ÃÖÃÊ °íµî ±³À° ±â°ü(The first institution of higher learning in the Western world) ¾ÆÄ«µ¥¸ÞÀ̾Æ(Akad?mei?) ¼³¸³ÀÚ
04. ÇöóÅæÀÇ ´ëÈÆí(Plato's Dialogues)
05. ±¹°¡·Ð(The Republic, BC375)
06. ´Üµ· 20¹Ì³ª(Twenty Minas)¿¡ ³ë¿¹·Î Æȸ° ´ëÇÐÀÚ
07. ¹ÙÆ¼Ä ¶óÆÄ¿¤·Î(Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino)ÀÇ ¾ÆÅ×³× Çдç(Scuola di Atene, 1511)
08. öÇÐÀÚ ÇöóÅæÀÇ »ç¶û?! ÇöóÅä´Ð ·¯ºê(Platonic Love)
09. Á¤´Ù¸éü(ïáÒýØüô÷, Platonic Solid)
10. ÇöóÅæÀÇ Åμö¿°(Plato's Beard)
11. ÇöóÅæÀÇ ¹®Á¦(Plato's Problem) VS ¿ÀÀ£ÀÇ ¹®Á¦(Orwell¡¯s Problem)
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14. ÇöóÅæ(Plato) ¾î·Ï(Quotes)(199)
¢º ÇöóÅæÀÇ ÇÊ·¹º¸½º(Philebus by Plato)
Introduction and Analysis.
¢¹ Philebus
¢º ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼(The Hitchhiker's Guide to Worlds's Classics)
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