¢º 19¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)Àº Á¸ Çã¼È °æ(Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet, 1792~1871)ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¹ºñ ´ã·Ð(A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy, 1830), Àª¸®¾ö ÈÞ¾ó(William Whewell, 1794~1866)ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¼³¸³µÈ ±Í³³°úÇÐÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ(History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Time, 1837) µî¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ³í¸®ÇÐÀ» ½ÉÈ È¤Àº ¹Ý¹ÚÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© 1843³â ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ 6±Ç(Book VI.) 64°³ éÅÍ(Chapter)ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ºÐ·®À¸·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ´ÜÇົ 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive Reasoning) ȤÀº ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)Àº ºñ´Ü ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½É¸®ÇÐ, »çȸÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ¸·Îµµ È¿¿ë¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â Á¡À» °Á¶ÇÑ ÆÄ°ÝÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °°Àº ¹ÐÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ¿Í Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ¿¡°Ô Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀº ¿¬¿ª¹ýÀ» ºñÆÇÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÁ·£½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ(Francis Bacon, 1561~1626)ÀÇ ±Í³³¹ýÀ» ÇÑÃþ ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive reasoning)ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿øÄ¢(the five principles of inductive reasoning), ÀÏ¸í ¹ÐÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(Mill's Methods)À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀÌ·Î½á ´ç´ë Áö½ÄÀεéÀÌ °©·ÐÀ»¹ÚÇÏ´ø ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)ÀÌ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ü°èȵǾú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ¹ÐÀº ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¥À» ºñÆÇÇϰųª ³í¹ÚÇÑ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» °ËÅäÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̸¦ Åä´ë·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê °³Á¤ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ º»Áö¿¡¼´Â 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÈ 7¹ø° ¿¡µð¼Ç(7th Edition)À» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î, 1~2±Ç¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ½Ç¸° Á¦3±Ç(BOOK III.)À» Á¦1ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦13Àå(Chapter I.~Chapter XIII.)°ú Á¦14ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦25Àå(Chapter XIV.~Chapter XXV.)À¸·Î ³ª´©¾î ÃÑ 7±ÇÀÇ ½Ã¸®Áî·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»!
¢º BOOK I. OF NAMES AND PROPOSITIONS. 'La scolastique, qui produisit dans la logique, comme dans la morale, et dans une partie de la metaphysique, une subtilite, une precision d'idees, dont l'habitude inconnue aux anciens, a contribue plus qu'on ne croit au progres de la bonne philosophie.'?Condorcet, Vie de Turgot. ¢¹ Á¦1±Ç. ¸íĪ ¹× Á¦¾È. 'µµ´ö°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ³í¸®Çаú ÇüÀÌ»óÇÐÀÇ ÀϺο¡¼ °í´ëÀο¡°Ô´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °ü³äÀÇ ¹Ì¹¦ÇÔ°ú Á¤È®¼ºÀ» ³ºÀº ½ºÄݶóÁÖÀÇ´Â ÁÁÀº öÇÐÀÇ Áøº¸¿¡ »ý°¢º¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹Àº ±â¿©¸¦ Çß½À´Ï´Ù.' ?´ÏÄݶó µå Äáµµ¸£¼¼(Marquis de Condorcet, 1743~1794), Åõ¸£°íÀÇ »ý¾Ö(Vie de Turgot). ¢º 'To the schoolmen the vulgar languages are principally indebted for what precision and analytic subtlety they possess.'?Sir W. Hamilton, Discussions in Philosophy. ¢¹ 'Àú¼ÓÇÑ ¾ð¾î´Â ÁÖ·Î ÇÐÀڵ鿡°Ô ±×µéÀÌ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â Á¤È®¼º°ú ºÐ¼®Àû ¹Ì¹¦ÇÔÀÇ ºúÀ» Áö°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.'?Àª¸®¾ö ÇعÐÅÏ °æ(Sir William Hamilton, 9th Baronet, 1788~1856), öÇÐ Åä·Ð(Discussions in Philosophy).
¢º CHAPTER I. OF THE NECESSITY OF COMMENCING WITH AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE. ¡× 1. It is so much the established practice of writers on logic to commence their treatises by a few general observations (in most cases, it is true, rather meagre) on Terms and their varieties, that it will, perhaps, scarcely be required from me in merely following the common usage, to be as particular in assigning my reasons, as it is usually expected that those should be who deviate from it. ¢¹ Á¦1Àå ¾ð¾î ºÐ¼® ½ÃÀÛÀÇ Çʿ伺. ¡× 1. ¿ë¾î¿Í ±× Á¾·ù¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °üÂû(´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì »ç½ÇÀÌ¸ç ´Ù¼Ò ºó¾àÇÔ)·Î ³í¹®À» ½ÃÀÛÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ³í¸®ÇÐ ÀÛ°¡µéÀÇ È®¸³µÈ °üÇàÀ̹ǷΠ¾Æ¸¶µµ °ÅÀÇ ¿ä±¸µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ »ç¿ë¹ýÀ» µû¸£´Â »ç¶÷µéÀÌ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¹»óµÇ´Â °Íó·³ ³» ÀÌÀ¯¸¦ ÁöÁ¤ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ±î´Ù·Ó½À´Ï´Ù.
¢º CHAPTER II. OF NAMES. ¡× 1. "A name," says Hobbes, "is a word taken at pleasure to serve for a mark which may raise in our mind a thought like to some thought we had before, and which being pronounced to others, may be to them a sign of what thought the speaker had before in his mind." This simple definition of a name, as a word (or set of words) serving the double purpose of a mark to recall to ourselves the likeness of a former thought, and a sign to make it known to others, appears unexceptionable. Names, indeed, do much more than this; ¢¹ Á¦2Àå. À̸§. ¡× 1. È©½º(Hobbes) "À̸§"Àº "¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ °¡Á³´ø ¾î¶² »ý°¢°ú °°Àº »ý°¢À» ¿ì¸® ¸¶À½ ¼Ó¿¡ ºÒ·¯ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô ¹ßÀ½µÉ ¼ö Àִ ǥ½Ã·Î »ç¿ëÇϱâ À§ÇØ ±â²¨ÀÌ ÃëÇÑ ´Ü¾îÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¸»ÇÏ´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¸¶À½¼Ó¿¡ °®°í ÀÖ´ø »ý°¢À» ±×µé¿¡°Ô ¾Ë¸®´Â Ç¥½Ã°¡ µÇ½Ê½Ã¿À." ÀÌÀü »ý°¢ÀÇ À¯»ç¼ºÀ» ¿ì¸® Àڽſ¡°Ô »ó±â½ÃÅ°´Â Ç¥½ÃÀÇ ÀÌÁß ¸ñÀû°ú À̸¦ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷¿¡°Ô ¾Ë¸®´Â ±âÈ£·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ´Ü¾î(¶Ç´Â ´Ü¾î ÁýÇÕ)·Î¼ÀÇ À̸§¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °£´ÜÇÑ Á¤ÀÇ´Â ¿¹¿Ü°¡ ¾Æ´Ñ °Íó·³ º¸ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ½ÇÁ¦·Î À̸§Àº À̺¸´Ù ÈξÀ ´õ ¸¹Àº ÀÏÀ» ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¢º CHAPTER VI. OF PROPOSITIONS MERELY VERBAL. ¡× 1. As a preparation for the inquiry which is the proper object of Logic, namely, in what manner propositions are to be proved, we have found it necessary to inquire what they contain which requires, or is susceptible of, proof; or (which is the same thing) what they assert. In the course of this preliminary investigation into the import of Propositions, we examined the opinion of the Conceptualists, that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas; and the doctrine of the Nominalists, that it is the expression of an agreement or disagreement between the meanings of two names. ¢¹ Á¦6Àå. Á¦¾ÈÀº ´ÜÁö ¸»·Î¸¸ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³½À´Ï´Ù. ¡× 1. ³í¸®ÇÐÀÇ °íÀ¯ÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀΠŽ±¸, Áï ¸íÁ¦°¡ ¾î¶² ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î Áõ¸íµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÏ´ÂÁö¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áغñ·Î¼, ¿ì¸®´Â ¸íÁ¦°¡ Áõ¸íÀ» ¿ä±¸Çϰųª Áõ¸íÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀ» Ž±¸ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» ¹ß°ßÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ¶Ç´Â (µ¿ÀÏÇÑ °ÍÀÓ) ±×µéÀÌ ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â °Í. ¸íÁ¦ÀÇ Àǹ̿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¹ºñ Á¶»ç °úÁ¤¿¡¼ ¿ì¸®´Â ¸íÁ¦°¡ µÎ °³³ä »çÀÌÀÇ °ü°è¸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇÑ´Ù´Â °³³äÁÖÀÇÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» Á¶»çÇß½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¸í¸ñ·ÐÀÚµéÀÇ ±³¸®´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ µÎ À̸§ÀÇ ÀÇ¹Ì »çÀÌÀÇ ÀÏÄ¡ ¶Ç´Â ºÒÀÏÄ¡ÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ̶ó´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¢º CHAPTER VIII. OF DEFINITION. ¡× 1. One necessary part of the theory of Names and of Propositions remains to be treated of in this place: the theory of Definitions. As being the most important of the class of propositions which we have characterized as purely verbal, they have already received some notice in the chapter preceding the last. But their fuller treatment was at that time postponed, because definition is so closely connected with classification, that, until the nature of the latter process is in some measure understood, the former cannot be discussed to much purpose. ¢¹ Á¦8Àå. Á¤ÀÇ. ¡× 1. À̸§°ú ¸íÁ¦ ÀÌ·ÐÀÇ ÇÑ °¡Áö Çʼö ºÎºÐÀº ¿©±â¼ ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß ÇÒ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³²¾Æ Àִµ¥, ¹Ù·Î Á¤ÀÇ ÀÌ·ÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¼øÀüÈ÷ ¾ð¾îÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î Ư¡ÁöÀº ¸íÁ¦ À¯Çü Áß °¡Àå Áß¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, ÀÌ ¸íÁ¦µéÀº ÀÌ¹Ì ¸¶Áö¸· Àå ¾ÕÀå¿¡¼ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÁÖ¸ñÀ» ¹Þ¾Ò½À´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Á¤ÀÇ°¡ ºÐ·ù¿Í ³Ê¹« ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áµÇ¾î ÀÖ¾î¼ ÈÄÀÚ °úÁ¤ÀÇ ¼º°ÝÀÌ ¾î´À Á¤µµ ÀÌÇØµÉ ¶§±îÁö´Â ÀüÀÚ¸¦ ±×´ÙÁö ¸ñÀû¿¡ ¸Â°Ô ³íÀÇÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ º¸´Ù ¿ÏÀüÇÑ Ã³¸®´Â ´ç½Ã ¿¬±âµÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù.
-¸ñÂ÷(Index)-
¢º ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±À» Àоî¾ß ÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯
¢º 16°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)
01. Çö´ë ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ(Modern Liberalism)¿Í ¸®¹ö·² Æä¹Ì´ÏÁò(Liberal Feminism)À» ³ë·¡ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ(English Philosopher)
02. ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)
03. Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐÀÇ ¸î °¡Áö ¹ÌÇØ°á ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¡¼¼ÀÌ(Essays on some unsettled Questions of Political Economy, 1844) & Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ ¿ø¸®(Principles of Political Economy, 1848)
04. ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty, 1859)
05. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ·Ð(Considerations on Representative Government, 1861)
06. ³²ºÏÀüÀï(The Contest in America, 1862)
07. °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ(Utilitarianism, 1863)
08. ¿À±Í½ºÆ® ÄáÆ®¿Í ½ÇÁõÁÖÀÇ(Auguste Comte and Positivism by John Stuart Mill, 1865)
09. ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women, 1869)
10. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ Á÷Á¢ ¾´ ÀÚ¼Àü(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill, 1873)
11. Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©(Three Essays on Religion, 1874)
12. »çȸÁÖÀÇ·Ð(Socialism, 1879)
13. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¼±Áý(Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 1963)
14. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀ» ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àå¼Ò TOP20(20 Places to meet John Stuart Mill)
15. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏÀ¸·Î µè´Â Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(Audio Books of John Stuart Mill)
16. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¾î·Ï 115¼±(115 Quotes of John Stuart Mill)
¢º ¿µ¾î°íÀü1,139 Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ ³í¸®ÇРü°è Á¦1±Ç 1843(English Classics1,139 A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive by John Stuart Mill)
Preface To The First Edition.
Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions.
¢º INTRODUCTION.
01. A definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional
02. Is logic the art and science of reasoning?
03. Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth?
04. Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths
05. Relation of logic to the other sciences
06. Its utility, how shown
07. Definition of logic stated and illustrated
¢º BOOK I. OF NAMES AND PROPOSITIONS.
¢¹ Chapter I. Of the Necessity of commencing with an Analysis of Language.
01. Theory of names, why a necessary part of logic
02. First step in the analysis of Propositions
03. Names must be studied before Things
¢¹ Chapter II. Of Names.
01. Names are names of things, not of our ideas
02. Words which are not names, but parts of names
03. General and Singular names
04. Concrete and Abstract
05. Connotative and Non-connotative
06. Positive and Negative
07. Relative and Absolute
08. Univocal and ¨¡quivocal
¢¹ Chapter III. Of the Things denoted by Names.
01. Necessity of an enumeration of Nameable Things. The Categories of Aristotle
02. Ambiguity of the most general names
03. Feelings, or states of consciousness
04. Feelings must be distinguished from their physical antecedents. Perceptions, what
05. Volitions, and Actions, what
06. Substance and Attribute
III-II. Substances.
07. Body
08. Mind
09. Qualities
10. Relations
11. Resemblance
12. Quantity
13. All attributes of bodies are grounded on states of consciousness
14. So also all attributes of mind
15. Recapitulation
¢¹ Chapter IV. Of Propositions.
01. Nature and office of the copula
02. Affirmative and Negative propositions
03. Simple and Complex
04. Universal, Particular, and Singular
¢¹ Chapter V. Of the Import of Propositions.
01. Doctrine that a proposition is the expression of a relation between two ideas
02. Doctrine that it is the expression of a relation between the meanings of two names
03. Doctrine that it consists in referring something to, or excluding something from, a class
04. What it really is
05. It asserts (or denies) a sequence, a coexistence, a simple existence, a causation
06. ?or a resemblance
07. Propositions of which the terms are abstract
¢¹ Chapter VI. Of Propositions merely Verbal.
01. Essential and Accidental propositions
02. All essential propositions are identical propositions
03. Individuals have no essences
04. Real propositions, how distinguished from verbal
05. Two modes of representing the import of a Real proposition
¢¹ Chapter VII. Of the Nature of Classification, and the Five Predicables.
01. Classification, how connected with Naming
02. The Predicables, what
03. Genus and Species
04. Kinds have a real existence in nature
05. Differentia
06. Differenti©¡ for general purposes, and differenti©¡ for special or technical purposes
07. Proprium
08. Accidens
¢¹ Chapter VIII. Of Definition.
01. A definition, what
02. Every name can be defined, whose meaning is susceptible of analysis
03. Complete, how distinguished from incomplete definitions
04. ?and from descriptions
05. What are called definitions of Things, are definitions of Names with an implied assumption of the existence of Things corresponding to them
06. ?even when such things do not in reality exist
07. Definitions, though of names only, must be grounded on knowledge of the corresponding Things
Footnotes:
¢º ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼(The Hitchhiker¡¯s Guide to Worlds¡¯s Classics)
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