¢º 19¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)Àº Á¸ Çã¼È °æ(Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet, 1792~1871)ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¹ºñ ´ã·Ð(A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy, 1830), Àª¸®¾ö ÈÞ¾ó(William Whewell, 1794~1866)ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¼³¸³µÈ ±Í³³°úÇÐÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ(History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Time, 1837) µî¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ³í¸®ÇÐÀ» ½ÉÈ È¤Àº ¹Ý¹ÚÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© 1843³â ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ 6±Ç(Book VI.) 64°³ éÅÍ(Chapter)ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ºÐ·®À¸·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ´ÜÇົ 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive Reasoning) ȤÀº ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)Àº ºñ´Ü ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½É¸®ÇÐ, »çȸÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ¸·Îµµ È¿¿ë¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â Á¡À» °Á¶ÇÑ ÆÄ°ÝÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °°Àº ¹ÐÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ¿Í Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ¿¡°Ô Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀº ¿¬¿ª¹ýÀ» ºñÆÇÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÁ·£½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ(Francis Bacon, 1561~1626)ÀÇ ±Í³³¹ýÀ» ÇÑÃþ ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive reasoning)ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿øÄ¢(the five principles of inductive reasoning), ÀÏ¸í ¹ÐÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(Mill's Methods)À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀÌ·Î½á ´ç´ë Áö½ÄÀεéÀÌ °©·ÐÀ»¹ÚÇÏ´ø ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)ÀÌ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ü°èȵǾú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ¹ÐÀº ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¥À» ºñÆÇÇϰųª ³í¹ÚÇÑ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» °ËÅäÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̸¦ Åä´ë·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê °³Á¤ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ º»Áö¿¡¼´Â 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÈ 7¹ø° ¿¡µð¼Ç(7th Edition)À» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î, 1~2±Ç¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ½Ç¸° Á¦3±Ç(BOOK III.)À» Á¦1ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦13Àå(Chapter I.~Chapter XIII.)°ú Á¦14ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦25Àå(Chapter XIV.~Chapter XXV.)À¸·Î ³ª´©¾î ÃÑ 7±ÇÀÇ ½Ã¸®Áî·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»!
¢º BOOK III. OF INDUCTION. "According to the doctrine now stated, the highest, or rather the only proper object of physics, is to ascertain those established conjunctions of successive events, which constitute the order of the universe; to record the phenomena which it exhibits to our observations, or which it discloses to our experiments; and to refer these phenomena to their general laws."?D. Stewart, Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind, vol. ii. chap. iv. sect. 1. ¢¹ Á¦3±Ç. À¯µµ. "Áö±Ý ¾ð±ÞµÈ Çм³¿¡ µû¸£¸é, ¹°¸®ÇÐÀÇ °¡Àå ³ôÀº, ¾Æ´Ï ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À¯ÀÏÇÏ°Ô ÀûÀýÇÑ ¸ñÀûÀº ¿ìÁÖÀÇ Áú¼¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ »ç°ÇµéÀÇ È®¸³µÈ °áÇÕÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °Í, ±×°ÍÀÌ ¿ì¸®ÀÇ °üÂû¿¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â Çö»óÀ» ±â·ÏÇÏ´Â °Í, ¶Ç´Â ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ½ÇÇè¿¡ À̸¦ °ø°³ÇÏ°í ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀ» ÀÏ¹Ý ¹ýÄ¢¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÕ´Ï´Ù."?µà°Éµå ½ºÆ©¾îÆ®(Dugald Stewart, 1753~1828), Àΰ£ Á¤½Å öÇÐÀÇ ¿ä¼Ò(Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind), º¼·ý. ii. éÅÍ. iv. ¼½¼Ç. 1.
¢º ´Ù¼¸°¡Áö ¹ÐÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(Mill's Methods)Àº Á¦3±Ç(Book III. Of Induction.) 8Àå(Chapter VIII. Of The Four Methods Of Experimental Inquiry.)¿¡ ½Ç·Á ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
¢º First Canon. If two or more instances of the phenomenon under investigation have only one circumstance in common, the circumstance in which alone all the instances agree, is the cause (or effect) of the given phenomenon. ¢¹ ù ¹ø° ¹ýÄ¢. Á¶»ç ÁßÀÎ Çö»óÀÇ µÎ °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ »ç·Ê°¡ ÇϳªÀÇ °øÅë »óȲ¸¸ °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì, ¸ðµç »ç·Ê¸¸ µ¿ÀÇÇÏ´Â »óȲÀÌ ÇØ´ç Çö»óÀÇ ¿øÀÎ(¶Ç´Â È¿°ú)ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¢º Second Canon. If an instance in which the phenomenon under investigation occurs, and an instance in which it does not occur, have every circumstance in common save one, that one occurring only in the former; the circumstance in which alone the two instances differ, is the effect, or the cause, or an indispensable part of the cause, of the phenomenon. ¢¹ µÎ ¹ø° ¹ýÄ¢. ¸¸¾à Á¶»ç ÁßÀÎ Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ°í ±×°ÍÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù¸é, ¸ðµç »óȲÀ» ÇϳªÀÇ °øÅëÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. Çϳª´Â ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀüÀÚ¿¡¼¸¸ ¹ß»ýÇÕ´Ï´Ù. µÎ °æ¿ì¸¸ ´Ù¸¥ »óȲÀº Çö»óÀÇ ¿µÇâ, ¿øÀÎ, ¶Ç´Â ¿øÀÎÀÇ ÇʼöºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¢º Third Canon. If two or more instances in which the phenomenon occurs have only one circumstance in common, while two or more instances in which it does not occur have nothing in common save the absence of that circumstance, the circumstance in which alone the two sets of instances differ, is the effect, or the cause, or an indispensable part of the cause, of the phenomenon. ¢¹ ¼¼ ¹ø° ¹ýÄ¢. Çö»óÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â µÎ °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀνºÅϽº°¡ ÇÑ °¡Áö »óȲ¸¸ °øÅëÀ¸·Î °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â ¹Ý¸é, ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â µÎ °³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀνºÅϽº´Â ÇØ´ç »óȲÀÇ ºÎÀ縦 Àý¾àÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì, µÎ ÀνºÅϽº ÁýÇÕÀÌ ´Üµ¶À¸·Î ´Ù¸¥ »óȲ, Áï ±× ¿øÀο¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿øÀÎ ¶Ç´Â ÇʼöºÒ°¡°áÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¢º Fourth Canon. Subduct from any phenomenon such part as is known by previous inductions to be the effect of certain antecedents, and the residue of the phenomenon is the effect of the remaining antecedents. ¢¹ ³× ¹ø° ¹ýÄ¢. ÀÌÀüÀÇ À¯µµµé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¾Ë·ÁÁø °Í°ú °°Àº ¾î¶² Çö»óÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÆÄ»ýµÇ´Â °ÍÀº ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¼±ÇàÀÇ È¿°úÀÌ°í, ±× Çö»óÀÇ ÀÜ¿©¹°Àº ³²Àº ¼±ÇàÀÇ È¿°úÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¢º Fifth Canon. Whatever phenomenon varies in any manner whenever another phenomenon varies in some particular manner, is either a cause or an effect of that phenomenon, or is connected with it through some fact of causation. ¢¹ ´Ù¼¸ ¹ø° ¹ýÄ¢. ¾î¶² Çö»óÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ Çö»óÀÌ ¾î¶² ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î º¯ÇÒ ¶§¸¶´Ù ¾î¶² ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Îµç ´Þ¶óÁöµç, ±× Çö»óÀÇ ¿øÀÎ ¶Ç´Â ¿µÇ⠶Ǵ Àΰú °ü°è¸¦ ÅëÇØ ±×°Í°ú °ü·ÃµË´Ï´Ù.
-¸ñÂ÷(Index)-
¢º ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±À» Àоî¾ß ÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯
¢º 14°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)
01. Çö´ë ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ(Modern liberalism)¿Í ¸®¹ö·² Æä¹Ì´ÏÁò(Liberal feminism)À» ³ë·¡ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ(English Philosopher)
02. ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)
03. Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ ¿ø¸®(Principles of Political Economy, 1848)
04. ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty, 1859)
05. °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ(Utilitarianism, 1861)
06. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ·Ð(Considerations on Representative Government, 1861)
07. ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women, 1869)
08. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ Á÷Á¢ ¾´ ÀÚ¼Àü(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill, 1873)
09. Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©(Three Essays on Religion, 1874)
10. »çȸÁÖÀÇ·Ð(Socialism, 1879)
11. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¼±Áý(Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 1963)
12. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀ» ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àå¼Ò TOP20(20 Places to meet John Stuart Mill)
13. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏÀ¸·Î µè´Â Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(Audio Books of John Stuart Mill)
14. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¾î·Ï 115¼±(115 Quotes of John Stuart Mill)
¢º ¿µ¾î°íÀü1,141 Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ ³í¸®ÇРü°è Á¦3±Ç 1843(English Classics1,141 A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive by John Stuart Mill)
Preface To The First Edition.
Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions.
¢º INTRODUCTION.
01. A definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional
02. Is logic the art and science of reasoning?
03. Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth?
04. Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths
05. Relation of logic to the other sciences
06. Its utility, how shown
07. Definition of logic stated and illustrated
¢º BOOK III. OF INDUCTION.
¢¹ Chapter I. Preliminary Observations on Induction in general.
01. Importance of an Inductive Logic
02. The logic of science is also that of business and life
¢¹ Chapter II. Of Inductions improperly so called.
01. Inductions distinguished from verbal transformations
02. ?from inductions, falsely so called, in mathematics
03. ?and from descriptions
04. Examination of Dr. Whewell's theory of Induction
05. Further illustration of the preceding remarks
¢¹ Chapter III. On the Ground of Induction.
01. Axiom of the uniformity of the course of nature
02. Not true in every sense. Induction per enumerationem simplicem
03. The question of Inductive Logic stated
¢¹ Chapter IV. Of Laws of Nature.
01. The general regularity in nature is a tissue of partial regularities, called laws
02. Scientific induction must be grounded on previous spontaneous inductions
03. Are there any inductions fitted to be a test of all others?
¢¹ Chapter V. Of the Law of Universal Causation.
01. The universal law of successive phenomena is the Law of Causation
02. ?i.e. the law that every consequent has an invariable antecedent
03. The cause of a phenomenon is the assemblage of its conditions
04. The distinction of agent and patient illusory
05. The cause is not the invariable antecedent, but the unconditional invariable antecedent
06. Can a cause be simultaneous with its effect?
07. Idea of a Permanent Cause, or original natural agent
08. Uniformities of coexistence between effects of different permanent causes, are not laws
09. Doctrine that volition is an efficient cause, examined
¢¹ Chapter VI. Of the Composition of Causes.
01. Two modes of the conjunct action of causes, the mechanical and the chemical
02. The composition of causes the general rule; the other case exceptional
03. Are effects proportional to their causes?
¢¹ Chapter VII. Of Observation and Experiment.
01. The first step of inductive inquiry is a mental analysis of complex phenomena into their elements
02. The next is an actual separation of those elements
03. Advantages of experiment over observation
04. Advantages of observation over experiment
¢¹ Chapter VIII. Of the Four Methods of Experimental Inquiry.
01. Method of Agreement
02. Method of Difference
03. Mutual relation of these two methods
04. Joint Method of Agreement and Difference
05. Method of Residues
06. Method of Concomitant Variations
07. Limitations of this last method
¢¹ Chapter IX. Miscellaneous Examples of the Four Methods.
01. Liebig's theory of metallic poisons
02. Theory of induced electricity
03. Dr. Wells' theory of dew
04. Dr. Brown-Sequard's theory of cadaveric rigidity
05. Examples of the Method of Residues
06. Dr. Whewell's objections to the Four Methods
¢¹ Chapter X. Of Plurality of Causes; and of the Intermixture of Effects.
01. One effect may have several causes
02. ?which is the source of a characteristic imperfection of the Method of Agreement
03. Plurality of Causes, how ascertained
04. Concurrence of Causes which do not compound their effects
05. Difficulties of the investigation, when causes compound their effects
06. Three modes of investigating the laws of complex effects
07. The method of simple observation inapplicable
08. The purely experimental method inapplicable
¢¹ Chapter XI. Of the Deductive Method.
01. First stage; ascertainment of the laws of the separate causes by direct induction
02. Second stage; ratiocination from the simple laws of the complex cases
03. Third stage; verification by specific experience
¢¹ Chapter XII. Of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.
01. Explanation defined
02. First mode of explanation, by resolving the law of a complex effect into the laws of the concurrent causes and the fact of their coexistence
03. Second mode; by the detection of an intermediate link in the sequence
04. Laws are always resolved into laws more general than themselves
05. Third mode; the subsumption of less general laws under a more general one
06. What the explanation of a law of nature amounts to
¢¹ Chapter XIII. Miscellaneous Examples of the Explanation of Laws of Nature.
01. The general theories of the sciences
02. Examples from chemical speculations
03. Example from Dr. Brown-Sequard's researches on the nervous system
04. Examples of following newly-discovered laws into their complex manifestations
05. Examples of empirical generalizations, afterwards confirmed and explained deductively
06. Example from mental science
07. Tendency of all the sciences to become deductive
Footnotes:
Transcriber's Notes
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