¢º 19¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)Àº Á¸ Çã¼È °æ(Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet, 1792~1871)ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¹ºñ ´ã·Ð(A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy, 1830), Àª¸®¾ö ÈÞ¾ó(William Whewell, 1794~1866)ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¼³¸³µÈ ±Í³³°úÇÐÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ(History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Time, 1837) µî¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ³í¸®ÇÐÀ» ½ÉÈ È¤Àº ¹Ý¹ÚÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© 1843³â ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ 6±Ç(Book VI.) 64°³ éÅÍ(Chapter)ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ºÐ·®À¸·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ´ÜÇົ 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive Reasoning) ȤÀº ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)Àº ºñ´Ü ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½É¸®ÇÐ, »çȸÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ¸·Îµµ È¿¿ë¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â Á¡À» °Á¶ÇÑ ÆÄ°ÝÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °°Àº ¹ÐÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ¿Í Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ¿¡°Ô Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀº ¿¬¿ª¹ýÀ» ºñÆÇÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÁ·£½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ(Francis Bacon, 1561~1626)ÀÇ ±Í³³¹ýÀ» ÇÑÃþ ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive reasoning)ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿øÄ¢(the five principles of inductive reasoning), ÀÏ¸í ¹ÐÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(Mill's Methods)À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀÌ·Î½á ´ç´ë Áö½ÄÀεéÀÌ °©·ÐÀ»¹ÚÇÏ´ø ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)ÀÌ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ü°èȵǾú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ¹ÐÀº ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¥À» ºñÆÇÇϰųª ³í¹ÚÇÑ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» °ËÅäÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̸¦ Åä´ë·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê °³Á¤ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ º»Áö¿¡¼´Â 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÈ 7¹ø° ¿¡µð¼Ç(7th Edition)À» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î, 1~2±Ç¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ½Ç¸° Á¦3±Ç(BOOK III.)À» Á¦1ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦13Àå(Chapter I.~Chapter XIII.)°ú Á¦14ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦25Àå(Chapter XIV.~Chapter XXV.)À¸·Î ³ª´©¾î ÃÑ 7±ÇÀÇ ½Ã¸®Áî·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»!
¢º BOOK V. ON FALLACIES. "Il leur semble qu'il n'y a qu'a douter par fantaisie, et qu'il n'y a qu'a dire en general que notre nature est infirme; que notre esprit est plein d'aveuglement; qu'il faut avoir un grand soin de se defaire de ses prejuges, et autres choses semblables. Ils pensent que cela suffit pour ne plus se laisser seduire a ses sens, et pour ne plus se tromper du tout. Il ne suffit pas de dire que l'esprit est foible, il faut lui faire sentir ses foiblesses. Ce n'est pas assez de dire qu'il est sujet a l'erreur, il faut lui decouvrir en quoi consistent ses erreurs."?Malebranche, Recherche de la Verite. ¢¹ Á¦5±Ç. ¿À·ù¿¡ °üÇÑ Ã¥. "±×µé¿¡°Ô´Â ȯ»ó¿¡¼ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¼ö¹Û¿¡ ¾ø°í, ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ì¸®ÀÇ º»¼ºÀÌ ¾àÇÏ°í, ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ¸¶À½ÀÌ ¸Í¸ñÀ¸·Î °¡µæ Â÷ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¾î¸®¼®À½À» ¾ø¾Ö±â À§ÇØ ¸¹Àº ÁÖÀǸ¦ ±â¿ï¿©¾ß ÇÑ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÒ »ÓÀÎ °Í °°½À´Ï´Ù. Æí°ß, ±âŸ ÀÌ¿Í À¯»çÇÑ °ÍµéÀº ÀÌ°ÍÀ¸·Î °¨°¢ÀÇ À¯È¤À» ¸ØÃß°í, ÀüÇô ¼Ó´Â °ÍÀ» ¸ØÃß´Â µ¥ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù°í »ý°¢ÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿À·ù°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ´Â °Í¸¸À¸·Î´Â ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç ¿À·ù°¡ ¹«¾ùÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ÂÁö ¾Ë¾Æ³»´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÕ´Ï´Ù." - ´ÏÄÝ¶ó ¸»ºê¶û½´(Nicolas Malebranche, 1638~1715), Áø½ÇÀ» ã¾Æ¼(De la recherche de la verite, 1674~1675).
¢º CHAPTER I. OF FALLACIES IN GENERAL. ¡× 1. It is a maxim of the schoolmen, that "contrariorum eadem est scientia:" we never really know what a thing is, unless we are also able to give a sufficient account of its opposite. Conformably to this maxim, one considerable section, in most treatises on Logic, is devoted to the subject of Fallacies; and the practice is too well worthy of observance, to allow of our departing from it. The philosophy of reasoning, to be complete, ought to comprise the theory of bad as well as of good reasoning. ¢¹ Á¦1Àå ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¿À·ù. ¡× 1. "¹Ý´ë¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Áö½ÄÀº µ¿ÀÏÇÏ´Ù(contrariorum eadem est scientia)"´Â ÇÐÆÄÀÇ °Ý¾ðÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®´Â »ç¹°ÀÇ ¹Ý´ë¿¡ ´ëÇؼµµ ÃæºÐÈ÷ ¼³¸íÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù¸é »ç¹°ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö ½ÇÁ¦·Î ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÌ °Ý¾ð¿¡ µû¶ó ³í¸®Çп¡ °üÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ³í¹®¿¡¼ »ó´çÇÑ ºÎºÐ Áß Çϳª°¡ ¿À·ù¶ó´Â ÁÖÁ¦¸¦ ´Ù·ç°í ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ±× °üÇàÀº ¿ì¸®°¡ ±× °üÇà¿¡¼ ¶°³ª´Â °ÍÀ» Çã¿ëÇϱ⿡´Â ³Ê¹«µµ ÁؼöÇÒ °¡Ä¡°¡ ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. Ã߷РöÇÐÀÌ ¿ÏÀüÇÏ·Á¸é ÁÁÀº Ãß·Ð ÀÌ·Ð»Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ³ª»Û À̷еµ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¢º CHAPTER II. CLASSIFICATION OF FALLACIES. ¡× 1. In attempting to establish certain general distinctions which shall mark out from one another the various kinds of Fallacious Evidence, we propose to ourselves an altogether different aim from that of several eminent thinkers, who have given, under the name of Political or other Fallacies, a mere enumeration of a certain number of erroneous opinions; false general propositions which happen to be often met with; loci communes of bad arguments on some particular subject. ¢¹ Á¦2Àå. ¿À·ùÀÇ ºÐ·ù. ¡× 1. ¼·Î ´Ù¾çÇÑ Á¾·ùÀÇ À߸øµÈ Áõ°Å¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇϴ ƯÁ¤ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ±¸º°À» È®¸³ÇÏ·Á°í ½ÃµµÇϸé¼, ¿ì¸®´Â Á¤Ä¡Àû ¶Ç´Â ´Ù¸¥ ¿À·ù¶ó´Â À̸§À¸·Î ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¼öÀÇ À߸øµÈ ÀÇ°ßÀ» ¿°ÅÇÏ´Â °Í, Á¾Á¾ ¸¶ÁÖÄ¡´Â À߸øµÈ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Á¦¾È, ƯÁ¤ ÁÖÁ¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ³ª»Û ÁÖÀåÀÇ Àå¼Ò °øµ¿Ã¼¸¦ Á¦°øÇÑ ¿©·¯ Àú¸íÇÑ »ç»ó°¡µéÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥¿Í´Â ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ´Ù¸¥ ¸ñÇ¥¸¦ ¿ì¸®¿¡°Ô Á¦¾ÈÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
¢º CHAPTER III. FALLACIES OF SIMPLE INSPECTION; OR A PRIORI FALLACIES. ¡× 1. The tribe of errors of which we are to treat in the first instance, are those in which no actual inference takes place at all: the proposition (it cannot in such cases be called a conclusion) being embraced, not as proved, but as requiring no proof; as a self-evident truth; or else as having such intrinsic verisimilitude, that external evidence not in itself amounting to proof, is sufficient in aid of the antecedent presumption. ¢¹ Á¦3Àå. ´Ü¼ø°Ë»çÀÇ ¿À·ù; ¶Ç´Â ¼±ÇèÀû ¿À·ù. ¡× 1. ¿ì¸®°¡ ¸ÕÀú ´Ù·ç¾î¾ß ÇÒ ¿À·ù ºÎÁ·Àº ½ÇÁ¦ Ãß·ÐÀÌ ÀüÇô ¹ß»ýÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿À·ùÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Áõ°Å°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê½À´Ï´Ù. ÀÚ¸íÇÑ Áø½Ç·Î¼; ¶Ç´Â ±× ÀÚü·Î Áõ°Å°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â ¿ÜºÎ Áõ°Å°¡ ¼±Çà ÃßÁ¤À» µÞ¹ÞħÇϱ⿡ ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù´Â º»ÁúÀûÀÎ Áø½Ç¼ºÀ» °®´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î °£Áֵ˴ϴÙ.
-¸ñÂ÷(Index)-
¢º ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±À» Àоî¾ß ÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯
¢º 14°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)
01. Çö´ë ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ(Modern liberalism)¿Í ¸®¹ö·² Æä¹Ì´ÏÁò(Liberal feminism)À» ³ë·¡ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ(English Philosopher)
02. ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)
03. Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ ¿ø¸®(Principles of Political Economy, 1848)
04. ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty, 1859)
05. °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ(Utilitarianism, 1861)
06. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ·Ð(Considerations on Representative Government, 1861)
07. ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women, 1869)
08. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ Á÷Á¢ ¾´ ÀÚ¼Àü(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill, 1873)
09. Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©(Three Essays on Religion, 1874)
10. »çȸÁÖÀÇ·Ð(Socialism, 1879)
11. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¼±Áý(Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 1963)
12. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀ» ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àå¼Ò TOP20(20 Places to meet John Stuart Mill)
13. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏÀ¸·Î µè´Â Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(Audio Books of John Stuart Mill)
14. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¾î·Ï 115¼±(115 Quotes of John Stuart Mill)
¢º ¿µ¾î°íÀü1,144 Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ ³í¸®ÇРü°è Á¦6±Ç 1843(English Classics1,144 A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive by John Stuart Mill)
Preface To The First Edition.
Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions.
¢º INTRODUCTION.
01. A definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional
02. Is logic the art and science of reasoning?
03. Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth?
04. Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths
05. Relation of logic to the other sciences
06. Its utility, how shown
07. Definition of logic stated and illustrated
¢º BOOK V. ON FALLACIES.
¢¹ Chapter I. Of Fallacies in General.
01. Theory of fallacies a necessary part of logic
02. Casual mistakes are not fallacies
03. The moral sources of erroneous opinion, how related to the intellectual
¢¹ Chapter II. Classification of Fallacies.
01. On what criteria a classification of fallacies should be grounded
02. The five classes of fallacies
03. The reference of a fallacy to one or another class is sometimes arbitrary
¢¹ Chapter III. Fallacies of Simple Inspection, or a priori Fallacies.
01. Character of this class of Fallacies
02. Natural prejudice of mistaking subjective laws for objective, exemplified in popular superstitions
03. Natural prejudices, that things which we think of together must exist together, and that what is inconceivable must be false
04. Natural prejudice, of ascribing objective existence to abstractions
05. Fallacy of the Sufficient Reason
06. Natural prejudice, that the differences in nature correspond to the distinctions in language
07. Prejudice, that a phenomenon cannot have more than one cause
08. Prejudice, that the conditions of a phenomenon must resemble the phenomenon
¢¹ Chapter IV. Fallacies of Observation.
01. Non-observation, and Mal-observation
02. Non-observation of instances, and non-observation of circumstances
03. Examples of the former
04. ?and of the latter
05. Mal-observation characterized and exemplified
¢¹ Chapter V. Fallacies of Generalization.
01. Character of the class
02. Certain kinds of generalization must always be groundless
03. Attempts to resolve phenomena radically different into the same
04. Fallacy of mistaking empirical for causal laws
05. Post hoc, ergo propter hoc; and the deductive fallacy corresponding to it
06. Fallacy of False Analogies
07. Function of metaphors in reasoning
08. How fallacies of generalization grow out of bad classification
¢¹ Chapter VI. Fallacies of Ratiocination.
01. Introductory Remarks
02. Fallacies in the conversion and ©¡quipollency of propositions
03. Fallacies in the syllogistic process
04. Fallacy of changing the premises
¢¹ Chapter VII. Fallacies of Confusion.
01. Fallacy of Ambiguous Terms
02. Fallacy of Petitio Principii
03. Fallacy of Ignoratio Elenchi
Footnotes:
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