¢º 19¼¼±â ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)Àº Á¸ Çã¼È °æ(Sir John Herschel, 1st Baronet, 1792~1871)ÀÇ ÀÚ¿¬Ã¶ÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¹ºñ ´ã·Ð(A Preliminary Discourse on the study of Natural Philosophy, 1830), Àª¸®¾ö ÈÞ¾ó(William Whewell, 1794~1866)ÀÇ ±×µéÀÇ ¿ª»ç¸¦ ±â¹ÝÀ¸·Î ¼³¸³µÈ ±Í³³°úÇÐÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐ(History of the Inductive Sciences, from the Earliest to the Present Time, 1837) µî¿¡¼ Á¦½ÃµÈ ³í¸®ÇÐÀ» ½ÉÈ È¤Àº ¹Ý¹ÚÇϱâ À§ÇÏ¿© 1843³â ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ 6±Ç(Book VI.) 64°³ éÅÍ(Chapter)ÀÇ ¹æ´ëÇÑ ºÐ·®À¸·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, ´ç½Ã¿¡´Â ´ÜÇົ 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÇ¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive Reasoning) ȤÀº ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)Àº ºñ´Ü ÀÚ¿¬ °úÇÐ ºÐ¾ß »Ó ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ½É¸®ÇÐ, »çȸÇÐÀÇ ¿¬±¸ ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀ¸·Îµµ È¿¿ë¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù´Â Á¡À» °Á¶ÇÑ ÆÄ°ÝÀûÀÎ ÁÖÀåÀ» ´ã°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ °°Àº ¹ÐÀÇ ÁÖÀåÀº ÈÄ´ëÀÇ °úÇÐÀÚ¿Í Ã¶ÇÐÀÚ¿¡°Ô Áö´ëÇÑ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÃƽÀ´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀº ¿¬¿ª¹ýÀ» ºñÆÇÇÑ ¿µ±¹ÀÇ Ã¶ÇÐÀÚÀÌÀÚ °úÇÐÀÚÀÎ ÇÁ·£½Ã½º º£ÀÌÄÁ(Francis Bacon, 1561~1626)ÀÇ ±Í³³¹ýÀ» ÇÑÃþ ´õ ¹ßÀü½ÃŲ ±Í³³¹ý(Inductive reasoning)ÀÇ ´Ù¼¸ °¡Áö ¿øÄ¢(the five principles of inductive reasoning), ÀÏ¸í ¹ÐÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢(Mill's Methods)À» Á¦½ÃÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç ÀÌ·Î½á ´ç´ë Áö½ÄÀεéÀÌ °©·ÐÀ»¹ÚÇÏ´ø ±Í³³³í¸®ÇÐ(ÏýÒ¡Öå×âùÊ)ÀÌ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ü°èȵǾú½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ ¹ÐÀº ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)¸¦ ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ¿¡µµ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ã¥À» ºñÆÇÇϰųª ³í¹ÚÇÑ ÇÐÀÚµéÀÇ ÀÇ°ßÀ» °ËÅäÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, À̸¦ Åä´ë·Î ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ÀÛÇ°À» ¿©·¯ Â÷·Ê °³Á¤ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. ¢¹ º»Áö¿¡¼´Â 2±ÇÀ¸·Î Ãâ°£µÈ 7¹ø° ¿¡µð¼Ç(7th Edition)À» ±âÁØÀ¸·Î, 1~2±Ç¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ½Ç¸° Á¦3±Ç(BOOK III.)À» Á¦1ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦13Àå(Chapter I.~Chapter XIII.)°ú Á¦14ÀåºÎÅÍ Á¦25Àå(Chapter XIV.~Chapter XXV.)À¸·Î ³ª´©¾î ÃÑ 7±ÇÀÇ ½Ã¸®Áî·Î Ãâ°£ÇÏ¿´½À´Ï´Ù. Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±°ú ÇÔ²² ¾îÁ¦µµ, ¿À´Ãµµ, ³»Àϵµ ¸ÚÁø ¹®Çп©ÇàÀ»!
¢º BOOK VI. ON THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES. "Si l'homme peut predire, avec une assurance presque entiere, les phenomenes dont il connait les lois; si lors meme qu'elles lui sont inconnues, il peut, d'apres l'experience, prevoir avec une grande probabilite les evenemens de l'avenir; pourquoi regarderait-on comme une entreprise chimerique, celle de tracer avec quelque vraisemblance le tableau des destinees futures de l'espece humaine, d'apres les resultats de son histoire? Le seul fondement de croyance dans les sciences naturelles, est cette idee, que les lois generales, connues ou ignorees, qui reglent les phenomenes de l'univers, sont necessaires et constantes; et par quelle raison ce principe serait-il moins vrai pour le developpement des facultes intellectuelles et morales de l'homme, que pour les autres operations de la nature? Enfin, puisque des opinions formees d'apres l'experience ?Condorcet, Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progres de l'Esprit Humain. ¢¹ Á¦6±Ç. µµ´ö°úÇÐÀÇ ³í¸®¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©. "¸¸¾à Àΰ£ÀÌ ¹ýÄ¢À» ¾Ë°í ÀÖ´Â Çö»óÀ» °ÅÀÇ ¿ÏÀüÇÑ È®½Ç¼ºÀ» °¡Áö°í ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ±×¸®°í ±×°ÍÀÌ Àڽſ¡°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾ÊÀº °æ¿ì¿¡µµ °æÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹Ì·¡ÀÇ »ç°ÇÀ» Å« È®·ü·Î ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ±×°ÍÀ» Å°¸Þ¶ó·Î °£ÁÖÇØ¾ß Çմϱî? ¿ª»çÀÇ °á°ú¿¡ µû¶ó ÀηùÀÇ ¹Ì·¡ ¿î¸í¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±×¸²À» ¾î´À Á¤µµ È®·üÀûÀ¸·Î ÃßÀûÇÏ´Â »ç¾÷? ÀÚ¿¬°úÇп¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÏÀ½ÀÇ À¯ÀÏÇÑ ±âÃÊ´Â ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖµç ¾Ë·ÁÁöÁö ¾Êµç ÀÏ¹Ý ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ý°¢ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ ¿ø¸®°¡ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ ÀÛ¿ë°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ÁöÀû, µµ´öÀû ´É·ÂÀÇ ¹ß´Þ¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ¿Ö ´ú »ç½ÇÀÌ°Ú½À´Ï±î? ´ÏÄݶó µå Äáµµ¸£¼¼(Marquis de Condorcet, 1743~1794), Àΰ£ Á¤½ÅÀÇ Áøº¸¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿ª»çÀû µµÇ¥ÀÇ ½ºÄÉÄ¡(Esquisse d'un Tableau Historique des Progres de l'Esprit Humain, 1794).
¢º CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. ¡× 1. Principles of Evidence and Theories of Method are not to be constructed a priori. The laws of our rational faculty, like those of every other natural agency, are only learnt by seeing the agent at work. The earlier achievements of science were made without the conscious observance of any Scientific Method; and we should never have known by what process truth is to be ascertained, if we had not previously ascertained many truths. But it was only the easier problems which could be thus resolved: natural sagacity, when it tried its strength against the more difficult ones, either failed altogether, or if it succeeded here and there in obtaining a solution, had no sure means of convincing others that its solution was correct. ¢¹ Á¦ IÀå. ¼¹®. ¡× 1. Áõ°Å¿øÄ¢°ú ¹æ¹ý·ÐÀº ¼±ÇèÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î¼´Â ¾È µË´Ï´Ù. ´Ù¸¥ ¸ðµç ÀÚ¿¬ ÇàÀ§ÀÚÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¿ì¸® ÇÕ¸®Àû ´É·ÂÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢Àº ÇàÀ§ÀÚ°¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ¸ð½ÀÀ» ÅëÇؼ¸¸ ¹è¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. °úÇÐÀÇ Ãʱ⠼ºÃë´Â °úÇÐÀû ¹æ¹ýÀ» ÀǽÄÀûÀ¸·Î ÁؼöÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³½À´Ï´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¿ì¸®°¡ ÀÌÀü¿¡ ¸¹Àº Áø¸®¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù¸é Áø¸®°¡ ¾î¶² °úÁ¤À¸·Î È®ÀεǴÂÁö °áÄÚ ¾Ë ¼ö ¾ø¾úÀ» °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¸°Ô ÇØ°áµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀº ´õ ½¬¿î ¹®Á¦µé»ÓÀ̾ú½À´Ï´Ù. Ÿ°í³ ÃѸíÇÔÀº ´õ ¾î·Á¿î ¹®Á¦¿¡ ¸Â¼ ÈûÀ» ´ÙÇØ ½ÃµµÇßÀ» ¶§ ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ½ÇÆÐÇ߰ųª, ¿©±âÀú±â¼ ÇØ°áÃ¥À» ã´Âµ¥ ¼º°øÇÏ´õ¶óµµ ´Ù¸¥ »ç¶÷µéÀ» ¼³µæÇÒ È®½ÇÇÑ ¼ö´ÜÀÌ ¾ø¾ú½À´Ï´Ù. ±× ÇØ°áÃ¥ÀÌ ¿Ç¾Ò´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¢º CHAPTER II. OF LIBERTY AND NECESSITY. ¡× 1. The question, whether the law of causality applies in the same strict sense to human actions as to other phenomena, is the celebrated controversy concerning the freedom of the will: which, from at least as far back as the time of Pelagius, has divided both the philosophical and the religious world. The affirmative opinion is commonly called the doctrine of Necessity, as asserting human volitions and actions to be necessary and inevitable. The negative maintains that the will is not determined, like other phenomena, by antecedents, but determines itself; that our volitions are not, properly speaking, the effects of causes, or at least have no causes which they uniformly and implicitly obey. ¢¹ Á¦2Àå. ÀÚÀ¯¿Í Çʿ伺. ¡× 1. ÀΰúÀÇ ¹ýÄ¢ÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ Çö»ó°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î Àΰ£ Çൿ¿¡µµ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ Àǹ̷ΠÀû¿ëµÇ´ÂÁö ¿©ºÎ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦´Â ÀÇÁöÀÇ ÀÚÀ¯¿¡ °üÇÑ À¯¸íÇÑ ³íÀïÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Àû¾îµµ Æç¶ó±â¿ì½º ½Ã´ë±îÁö °Å½½·¯ ¿Ã¶ó°¡´Â ³íÀïÀº ´ÙÀ½°ú °°½À´Ï´Ù. öÇаè¿Í Á¾±³°è¸¦ ºÐ¿½ÃÄ×½À´Ï´Ù. ±àÁ¤ ÀÇ°ßÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î Àΰ£ÀÇ ÀÇÁö¿Í ÇൿÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°í ºÒ°¡ÇÇÇÏ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â Çʿ伺 ±³¸®¶ó°í ºÒ¸³´Ï´Ù. ºÎÁ¤Àº ÀÇÁö°¡ ´Ù¸¥ Çö»óó·³ ¼±Çà »ç°Ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ °áÁ¤µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó ±× ÀÚü·Î °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù°í ÁÖÀåÇÕ´Ï´Ù. ¿ì¸®ÀÇ ÀÇÁö´Â Á¤È®ÇÏ°Ô ¸»ÇÏÀÚ¸é ¿øÀÎÀÇ °á°ú°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¸ç, Àû¾îµµ ±×°ÍÀÌ ±ÕÀÏÇÏ°í ¾Ï¹¬ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼øÁ¾ÇÏ´Â ¿øÀÎÀÌ ¾ø´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¢º CHAPTER III. THAT THERE IS, OR MAY BE, A SCIENCE OF HUMAN NATURE. ¡× 1. It is a common notion, or at least it is implied in many common modes of speech, that the thoughts, feelings, and actions of sentient beings are not a subject of science, in the same strict sense in which this is true of the objects of outward nature. This notion seems to involve some confusion of ideas, which it is necessary to begin by clearing up. ¢¹ Á¦3Àå. Àΰ£ º»¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ °úÇÐÀÌ Àְųª Á¸ÀçÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¡× 1. °¨°¢ÀÌ ÀÖ´Â Á¸ÀçÀÇ »ý°¢, °¨Á¤, ÇൿÀÌ °úÇÐÀÇ ÁÖÁ¦°¡ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó´Â °ÍÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ °³³äÀ̰ųª Àû¾îµµ ¸¹Àº ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¾ð¾î ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ¾Ï½ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ¿ÜºÎ ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ´ë»ó. ÀÌ °³³äÀº °³³äÀÇ È¥¶õÀ» ¼ö¹ÝÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸À̸ç, À̸¦ Á¤¸®ÇÏ´Â °ÍºÎÅÍ ½ÃÀÛÇØ¾ß ÇÕ´Ï´Ù.
-¸ñÂ÷(Index)-
¢º ÇÁ·Ñ·Î±×(Prologue). Å׸¶¿©Çà½Å¹® TTN Korea ¿µ¾î°íÀü(English Classics) 1,999¼±À» Àоî¾ß ÇÏ´Â 7°¡Áö ÀÌÀ¯
¢º 14°¡Áö Å°¿öµå·Î Àд Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)
01. Çö´ë ÀÚÀ¯ÁÖÀÇ(Modern liberalism)¿Í ¸®¹ö·² Æä¹Ì´ÏÁò(Liberal feminism)À» ³ë·¡ÇÑ ¿µ±¹ öÇÐÀÚ(English Philosopher)
02. ³í¸®ÇРü°è(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)
03. Á¤Ä¡°æÁ¦ÇÐ ¿ø¸®(Principles of Political Economy, 1848)
04. ÀÚÀ¯·Ð(On Liberty, 1859)
05. °ø¸®ÁÖÀÇ(Utilitarianism, 1861)
06. ´ëÀÇÁ¤ºÎ·Ð(Considerations on Representative Government, 1861)
07. ¿©¼ºÀÇ Á¾¼Ó(The Subjection of Women, 1869)
08. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ Á÷Á¢ ¾´ ÀÚ¼Àü(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill, 1873)
09. Á¾±³¿¡ ´ëÇÏ¿©(Three Essays on Religion, 1874)
10. »çȸÁÖÀÇ·Ð(Socialism, 1879)
11. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¼±Áý(Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 1963)
12. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀ» ¸¸³¯ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â Àå¼Ò TOP20(20 Places to meet John Stuart Mill)
13. ¿Àµð¿ÀºÏÀ¸·Î µè´Â Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð(Audio Books of John Stuart Mill)
14. Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹Ð ¾î·Ï 115¼±(115 Quotes of John Stuart Mill)
¢º ¿µ¾î°íÀü1,145 Á¸ ½ºÆ©¾îÆ® ¹ÐÀÇ ³í¸®ÇРü°è Á¦7±Ç 1843(English Classics1,145 A System of Logic: Ratiocinative and Inductive by John Stuart Mill)
Preface To The First Edition.
Preface To The Third And Fourth Editions.
¢º INTRODUCTION.
01. A definition at the commencement of a subject must be provisional
02. Is logic the art and science of reasoning?
03. Or the art and science of the pursuit of truth?
04. Logic is concerned with inferences, not with intuitive truths
05. Relation of logic to the other sciences
06. Its utility, how shown
07. Definition of logic stated and illustrated
¢º BOOK VI. ON THE LOGIC OF THE MORAL SCIENCES.
¢¹ Chapter I. Introductory Remarks.
01. The backward state of the Moral Sciences can only be remedied by applying to them the methods of Physical Science, duly extended and generalized
02. How far this can be attempted in the present work
¢¹ Chapter II. Of Liberty and Necessity.
01. Are human actions subject to the law of causality?
02. The doctrine commonly called Philosophical Necessity, in what sense true
03. Inappropriateness and pernicious effect of the term Necessity
04. A motive not always the anticipation of a pleasure or a pain
¢¹ Chapter III. That there is, or may be, a Science of Human Nature.
01. There may be sciences which are not exact sciences
02. To what scientific type the Science of Human Nature corresponds
¢¹ Chapter IV. Of the Laws of Mind.
01. What is meant by Laws of Mind
02. Is there a science of Psychology?
03. The principal investigations of Psychology characterized
04. Relation of mental facts to physical conditions
¢¹ Chapter V. Of Ethology, or the Science of the Formation of Character.
01. The Empirical Laws of Human Nature
02. ?are merely approximate generalizations. The universal laws are those of the formation of character
03. The laws of the formation of character cannot be ascertained by observation and experiment
04. ?but must be studied deductively
05. The Principles of Ethology are the axiomata media of mental science
06. Ethology characterized
¢¹ Chapter VI. General Considerations on the Social Science.
01. Are Social Phenomena a subject of Science?
02. Of what nature the Social Science must be
¢¹ Chapter VII. Of the Chemical, or Experimental, Method in the Social Science.
01. Characters of the mode of thinking which deduces political doctrines from specific experience
02. In the Social Science experiments are impossible
03. ?the Method of Difference inapplicable
04. ?and the Methods of Agreement, and of Concomitant Variations, inconclusive
05. The Method of Residues also inconclusive, and presupposes Deduction
¢¹ Chapter VIII. Of the Geometrical, or Abstract Method.
01. Characters of this mode of thinking
02. Examples of the Geometrical Method
03. The interest-philosophy of the Bentham school
¢¹ Chapter IX. Of the Physical, or Concrete Deductive Method.
01. The Direct and Inverse Deductive Methods
02. Difficulties of the Direct Deductive Method in the Social Science
03. To what extent the different branches of sociological speculation can be studied apart. Political Economy characterized
04. Political Ethology, or the science of national character
05. The Empirical Laws of the Social Science
06. The Verification of the Social Science
¢¹ Chapter X. Of the Inverse Deductive, or Historical Method.
01. Distinction between the general Science of Society, and special sociological inquiries
02. What is meant by a State of Society?
03. The Progressiveness of Man and Society
04. The laws of the succession of states of society can only be ascertained by the Inverse Deductive Method
05. Social Statics, or the science of the Coexistences of Social Phenomena
06. Social Dynamics, or the science of the Successions of Social Phenomena
07. Outlines of the Historical Method
08. Future prospects of Sociological Inquiry
¢¹ Chapter XI. Additional Elucidations of the Science of History.
01. The subjection of historical facts to uniform laws is verified by statistics
02. ?does not imply the insignificance of moral causes
03. ?nor the inefficacy of the characters of individuals and of the acts of governments
04. The historical importance of eminent men and of the policy of governments illustrated
¢¹ Chapter XII. Of the Logic of Practice, or Art; including Morality and Policy.
01. Morality not a science, but an Art
02. Relation between rules of art and the theorems of the corresponding science
03. What is the proper function of rules of art?
04. Art cannot be Deductive
05. Every Art consists of truths of Science, arranged in the order suitable for some practical use
06. Teleology, or the Doctrine of Ends
07. Necessity of an ultimate standard, or first principle of Teleology
08. Conclusion
Footnotes:
Transcriber's Notes.
¢º ºÎ·Ï(Appendix). ¼¼°èÀÇ °íÀüÀ» ¿©ÇàÇÏ´Â È÷Ä¡ÇÏÀÌÄ¿¸¦ À§ÇÑ ¾È³»¼(The Hitchhiker¡¯s Guide to Worlds¡¯s Classics)
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