▶ 고전 경제학(古典經濟學, classical economics)의 완결본! : 정치경제학 원리 1848(Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill)은 19세기 영국 철학자 존 스튜어트 밀(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)이 1844년 최초로 발표한 정치경제학 논문(a treatise on political economics)입니다. ▷ 애덤 스미스(Adam Smith, 1723~1790)의 국부의 본질과 원인에 관한 연구(國富의 本質과 原因에 關한 硏究, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations), 일명 국부론(國富論, The Wealth of Nations, 1776)을 시작으로 발화하기 시작한 고전 경제학(古典經濟學, classical economics)은 ‘경제사상사 최초의 근대 경제 이론’입니다. ▷ 존 스튜어트 밀의 정치경제학 원리(Principles of Political Economy, 1848)는 1919년까지 영국 옥스퍼드 대학교 교재로 활용되었으며, 42년 후 앨프리드 마셜(Alfred Marshall, 1842~1924)이 총 6권 2책으로 집필한 경제학원론(Principles of Economics, 1890)이 출간되기까지 19세기는 물론 20세기 초까지 널리 읽히는 경제 및 정치경제학 교과서(one of the most important economics or political economy textbooks)로 사랑받았습니다. ▷ 1871년 7판을 비롯해 밀이 사망하기 전까지 끊임없이 개정하였을 정도로 애착을 가진 책으로 비교 우위에 기반을 둔 국가 간 무역 시스템(nations tended to benefit more in a system of trade based on comparative advantage)을 비롯해 현실 세계의 다양한 문제를 구체적으로 설명하였습니다. 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 1,999선과 함께 어제도, 오늘도, 내일도 멋진 문학여행을!

▶ Chapter I. Of Value. §1. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price. It is evident that, of the two great departments of Political Economy, the production of wealth and its distribution, the consideration of Value has to do with the latter alone; and with that only so far as competition, and not usage or custom, is the distributing agency. ▷ 제1장. 가치. §1. 사용가치, 교환가치, 가격의 정의. 정치경제학의 두 가지 주요 분야인 부의 생산과 분배 중에서 가치에 대한 고려가 후자에만 관련된다는 것은 분명합니다. 그리고 사용법이나 관습이 아닌 경쟁에 한해서만 배포 기관이 됩니다.

▶ The use of a thing, in political economy, means its capacity to satisfy a desire, or serve a purpose. Diamonds have this capacity in a high degree, and, unless they had it, would not bear any price. Value in use, or, as Mr. De Quincey calls it, teleologic value, is the extreme limit of value in exchange. The exchange value of a thing may fall short, to any amount, of its value in use; but that it can ever exceed the value in use implies a contradiction; it supposes that persons will give, to possess a thing, more than the utmost value which they themselves put upon it, as a means of gratifying their inclinations. ▷ 정치경제학에서 사물의 사용은 욕구를 충족시키거나 목적을 달성하는 능력을 의미합니다. 다이아몬드는 이러한 능력을 고도로 갖고 있으며, 그것이 없다면 어떤 가격도 감당할 수 없을 것입니다. 사용가치, 또는 드 퀸시(De Quincey)가 말했듯이 목적론적 가치는 교환가치의 극단적인 한계입니다. 어떤 물건의 교환 가치는 그 사용 가치에 비해 부족할 수 있습니다. 그러나 그것이 사용 가치를 초과할 수 있다는 것은 모순을 의미한다. 그것은 사람들이 어떤 물건을 소유하기 위해 자신의 성향을 만족시키기 위한 수단으로 그 물건에 부여한 최대 가치보다 더 많은 것을 주거나 소유할 것이라고 가정합니다.

▶ §2. Conditions of Value: Utility, Difficulty of Attainment, and Transferableness. That a thing may have any value in exchange, two conditions are necessary. 1. It must be of some use; that is (as already explained), it must conduce to some purpose, satisfy some desire. No one will pay a price, or part with anything which serves some of his purposes, to obtain a thing which serves none of them. 2. But, secondly, the thing must not only have some utility, there must also be some difficulty in its attainment. ▷ §2. 가치의 조건: 유용성, 달성 난이도 및 양도 가능성. 어떤 물건이 교환 가치를 가지려면 두 가지 조건이 필요합니다. 1. 어느 정도 유용해야 합니다. 즉 (이미 설명했듯이) 어떤 목적을 달성하고 어떤 욕구를 충족시켜야 합니다. 어느 누구도 자신의 목적에 부합하지 않는 것을 얻기 위해 대가를 지불하거나 자신의 목적에 부합하는 어떤 것의 일부도 지불하지 않을 것입니다. 2. 그러나 둘째, 그 물건은 어느 정도 유용성을 가져야 할 뿐만 아니라 그것을 달성하는 데도 어느 정도 어려움이 있어야 합니다.

▶ §3. Commodities limited in Quantity by the law of Demand and Supply: General working of this Law. These being the three classes, in one or other of which all things that are bought and sold must take their place, we shall consider them in their order. And first, of things absolutely limited in quantity, such as ancient sculptures or pictures. ▷ §3. 수요와 공급의 법칙에 따라 수량 제한이 있는 상품: 이 법의 일반적인 적용. 이것들은 사고파는 모든 것이 그 중 하나 또는 다른 것의 자리를 차지해야 하는 세 가지 클래스이므로 순서대로 살펴보겠습니다. 첫째, 고대 조각품이나 그림과 같이 양이 절대적으로 제한된 것들입니다.

▶ Of such things it is commonly said that their value depends on their scarcity; others say that the value depends on the demand and supply. But this statement requires much explanation. The supply of a commodity is an intelligible expression: it means the quantity offered for sale; the quantity that is to be had, at a given time and place, by those who wish to purchase it. But what is meant by the demand? Not the mere desire for the commodity. A beggar may desire a diamond; but his desire, however great, will have no influence on the price. Writers have therefore given a more limited sense to demand, and have defined it, the wish to possess, combined with the power of purchasing. To distinguish demand in this technical sense from the demand which is synonymous with desire, they call the former effectual demand. ▷ 그런 것들은 그 가치가 희소성에 달려 있다고 흔히들 말합니다. 다른 사람들은 그 가치가 수요와 공급에 달려 있다고 말합니다. 그러나 이 말은 많은 설명이 필요하다. 상품의 공급은 이해하기 쉬운 표현입니다. 이는 판매용으로 제공되는 수량을 의미합니다. 주어진 시간과 장소에서 그것을 구매하려는 사람들이 갖게 될 수량. 그런데 수요란 무엇을 의미하는가? 단순히 상품에 대한 욕구가 아닙니다. 거지는 다이아몬드를 원할 수도 있습니다. 그러나 그의 욕망이 아무리 크다고 해도 가격에는 아무런 영향을 미치지 못할 것입니다. 그러므로 작가들은 수요에 좀 더 제한된 의미를 부여하고 이를 구매력과 결합된 소유 욕구로 정의했습니다. 이러한 기술적인 의미에서의 수요와 욕구와 동의어인 수요를 구별하기 위해 그들은 전자의 유효수요를 부릅니다.

-목차(Index)-
▶ 프롤로그(Prologue). 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 1,999선을 읽어야 하는 7가지 이유
▶ 14가지 키워드로 읽는 존 스튜어트 밀(John Stuart Mill, 1806~1873)
01. 현대 자유주의(Modern liberalism)와 리버럴 페미니즘(Liberal feminism)을 노래한 영국 철학자(English Philosopher)
02. 논리학 체계(A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, 1843)
03. 정치경제학 원리(Principles of Political Economy, 1848)
04. 자유론(On Liberty, 1859)
05. 공리주의(Utilitarianism, 1861)
06. 대의정부론(Considerations on Representative Government, 1861)
07. 여성의 종속(The Subjection of Women, 1869)
08. 존 스튜어트 밀의 직접 쓴 자서전(The Autobiography of John Stuart Mill, 1873)
09. 종교에 대하여(Three Essays on Religion, 1874)
10. 사회주의론(Socialism, 1879)
11. 존 스튜어트 밀 선집(Collected Works of John Stuart Mill, 1963)
12. 존 스튜어트 밀를 만날 수 있는 장소 TOP20(20 Places to meet John Stuart Mill)
13. 오디오북으로 듣는 존 스튜어트 밀(Audio Books of John Stuart Mill)
14. 존 스튜어트 밀 어록 115선(115 Quotes of John Stuart Mill)
▶ 영어고전1,149 존 스튜어트 밀의 정치경제학 원리 제3권 1848(English Classics1,149 Principles of Political Economy by John Stuart Mill)
Preface.
▷ Introductory
A Sketch Of The History Of Political Economy.
Books For Consultation(From English, French, And German Authors).
Preliminary Remarks.
▶ Book III. Exchange.
▷ Chapter I. Of Value.
§1. Definitions of Value in Use, Exchange Value, and Price.
§2. Conditions of Value: Utility, Difficulty of Attainment, and Transferableness.
§3. Commodities limited in Quantity by the law of Demand and Supply: General working of this Law.
§4. Miscellaneous Cases falling under this Law.
§5. Commodities which are Susceptible of Indefinite Multiplication without Increase of Cost. Law of their Value Cost of Production.
§6. The Value of these Commodities confirm, in the long run, to their Cost of Production through the operation of Demand and Supply.
▷ Chapter II. Ultimate Analysis Of Cost Of Production.
§1. Of Labor, the principal Element in Cost of Production.
§2. Wages affect Values, only if different in different employments; “non-competing groups.”
§3. Profits an element in Cost of Production.
§4. Cost of Production properly represented by sacrifice, or cost, to the Laborer as well as to the Capitalist; the relation of this conception to the Cost of Labor.
§5. When profits vary from Employment to Employment, or are spread over unequal lengths of Time, they affect Values accordingly.
§6. Occasional Elements in Cost of Production; taxes and ground-rent.
▷ Chapter III. Of Rent, In Its Relation To Value.
§1. Commodities which are susceptible of indefinite Multiplication, but not without increase of Cost. Law of their Value, Cost of Production in the most unfavorable existing circumstances.
§2. Such commodities, when Produced in circumstances more favorable, yield a Rent equal to the difference of Cost.
§3. Rent of Mines and Fisheries and ground-rent of Buildings, and cases of gain analogous to Rent.
§4. Resume of the laws of value of each of the three classes of commodities.
▷ Chapter IV. Of Money.
§1. The three functions of Money?a Common Denominator of Value, a Medium of Exchange, a “Standard of Value”.
§2. Gold and Silver, why fitted for those purposes.
§3. Money a mere contrivance for facilitating exchanges, which does not affect the laws of value.
▷ Chapter V. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Demand And Supply.
§1. Value of Money, an ambiguous expression.
§2. The Value of Money depends on its quantity.
§3. ?Together with the Rapidity of Circulation.
§4. Explanations and Limitations of this Principle.
▷ Chapter VI. Of The Value Of Money, As Dependent On Cost Of Production.
§1. The value of Money, in a state of Freedom, conforms to the value of the Bullion contained in it.
§2. ?Which is determined by the cost of production.
§3. This law, how related to the principle laid down in the preceding chapter.
▷ Chapter VII. Of A Double Standard And Subsidiary Coins.
§1. Objections to a Double Standard.
§2. The use of the two metals as money, and the management of Subsidiary Coins.
§3. The experience of the United States with a double standard from 1792 to 1883.
▷ Chapter VIII. Of Credit, As A Substitute For Money.
§1. Credit not a creation but a Transfer of the means of Production.
§2. In what manner it assists Production.
§3. Function of Credit in economizing the use of Money.
§4. Bills of Exchange.
§5. Promissory Notes.
§6. Deposits and Checks.
▷ Chapter IX. Influence Of Credit On Prices.
§1. What acts on prices is Credit, in whatever shape given.
§2. Credit a purchasing Power, similar to Money.
§3. Great extensions and contractions of Credit. Phenomena of a commercial crisis analyzed.
§4. Influence of the different forms of Credit on Prices.
§5. On what the use of Credit depends.
§6. What is essential to the idea of Money?
▷ Chapter X. Of An Inconvertible Paper Currency.
§1. What determines the value of an inconvertible paper money?
§2. If regulated by the price of Bullion, as inconvertible Currency might be safe, but not Expedient.
§3. Examination of the doctrine that an inconvertible Current is safe, if representing actual Property.
§4. Experiments with paper Money in the United States.
§5. Examination of the gain arising from the increase and issue of paper Currency.
§6. Resume of the subject of money.
▷ Chapter XI. Of Excess Of Supply.
§1. The theory of a general Over-Supply of Commodities stated.
§2. The supply of commodities in general can not exceed the power of Purchase.
§3. There can never be a lack of Demand arising from lack of Desire to Consume.
§4. Origin and Explanation of the notion of general Over-Supply.
▷ Chapter XII. Of Some Peculiar Cases Of Value.
§1. Values of commodities which have a joint cost of production.
§2. Values of the different kinds of agricultural produce.
▷ Chapter XIII. Of International Trade.
§1. Cost of Production not a regulator of international values. Extension of the word “international.”
§2. Interchange of commodities between distance places determined by differences not in their absolute, but in the comparative, costs of production.
§3. The direct benefits of commerce consist in increased Efficiency of the productive powers of the World.
§4. ?Not in a Vent for exports, nor in the gains of Merchants.
§5. Indirect benefits of Commerce, Economical and Moral; still greater than the Direct.
▷ Chapter XIV. Of International Values.
§1. The values of imported commodities depend on the Terms of international interchange.
§2. The values of foreign commodities depend, not upon Cost of Production, but upon Reciprocal Demand and Supply.
§3. ?As illustrated by trade in cloth and linen between England and Germany.
§4. The conclusion states in the Equation of International Demand.
§5. The cost to a country of its imports depends not only on the ratio of exchange, but on the efficiency of its labor.
▷ Chapter XV. Of Money Considered As An Imported Commodity.
§1. Money imported on two modes; as a Commodity, and as a medium of Exchange.
§2. As a commodity, it obeys the same laws of Value as other imported Commodities.
▷ Chapter XVI. Of The Foreign Exchanges.
§1. Money passes from country to country as a Medium of Exchange, through the Exchanges.
§2. Distinction between Variations in the Exchanges which are self-adjusting and those which can only be rectified through Prices.
▷ Chapter XVII. Of The Distribution Of The Precious Metals Through The Commercial World.
§1. The substitution of money for barter makes no difference in exports and imports, nor in the Law of international Values.
§2. The preceding Theorem further illustrated.
§3. The precious metals, as money, are of the same Value, and distribute themselves according to the same Law, with the precious metals as a Commodity.
§4. International payments entering into the “financial account.”
▷ Chapter XVIII. Influence Of The Currency On The Exchanges And On Foreign Trade.
§1. Variations in the exchange, which originate in the Currency.
§2. Effect of a sudden increase of a metallic Currency, or of the sudden creation of Bank-Notes or other substitutes for Money.
§3. Effect of the increase of an inconvertible paper Currency. Real and nominal exchange.
▷ Chapter XIX. Of The Rate Of Interest.
§1. The Rate of Interest depends on the Demand and Supply of Loans.
§2. Circumstances which Determine the Permanent Demand and Supply of Loans.
§3. Circumstances which Determine the Fluctuations.
§4. The Rate of Interest not really Connected with the value of Money, but often confounded with it.
§5. The Rate of Interest determines the price of land and of Securities.
▷ Chapter XX. Of The Competition Of Different Countries In The Same Market.
§1. Causes which enable one Country to undersell another.
§2. High wages do not prevent one Country from underselling another.
§3. Low wages enable a Country to undersell another, when Peculiar to certain branches of Industry.
§4. ?But not when common to All.
§5. Low profits as affecting the carrying Trade.
▷ Chapter XXI. Of Distribution, As Affected By Exchange.
§1. Exchange and money make no Difference in the law of Wages.
§2. In the law of Rent.
§3. ?Nor in the law of Profits.
▷ Appendix I. Bibliographies.
A Brief Bibliography Of The Tariffs Of The United States.
A Brief Bibliography Of Bimetallism.
A Brief Bibliography Of American Shipping.
▷ Appendix II. Examination Questions.
Advertisements.
Charts.
Footnotes
▶ 부록(Appendix). 세계의 고전을 여행하는 히치하이커를 위한 안내서(The Hitchhiker’s Guide to Worlds’s Classics)
A01. 하버드 서점(Harvard Book Store) 직원 추천 도서 100선(Staff’s Favorite 100 Books) & 판매도서 100위(Top 100 Books)
A02. 서울대(Seoul University) 권장도서 100
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A09. 카이스트(KAIST) 독서마일리지제 추천도서 100권
A10. 문학상(Literary Awards) 수상작 및 추천도서(44)
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▶ 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 999선
▶ 테마여행신문 TTN Korea 영어고전(English Classics) 1,999선
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