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01 Introduction of Engineering 1

1.1 General 3
1.2 EPC Business ¼Ò°³ 3
1.2.1 Feasibility Study ´Ü°è 3
1.2.2 Execution ´Ü°è : EPC(¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ, Á¶´Þ, °Ç¼³) 4
1.2.3 O & M ´Ü°è 8
1.3 EPC Project Execution 8
1.3.1 Project Life Cycle 8
1.3.2 EPC Project Execution Organization 9
1.4 Introduction of Piping Engineering 11
1.4.1 EPC Typical Piping Engineering Organization(Support Engineer Group by Project Size) 11
1.4.2 EPC Piping Work »óÈ£ °ü°è 12
1.5 ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ ±â¼úÀÇ Àü¸Á 13
1.5.1 ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ »ê¾÷ÀÇ µ¿Çâ / Engineering Industry Trends 13
1.5.2 ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ »ê¾÷ °ü·Ã ÁßÁ¡»çÇ× / Engineering Industry Key words 18
1.5.3 ¿£Áö´Ï¾î¸µ »ê¾÷¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °á·ÐÀû ÀÇ°ß 28


02 Code & Standard¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ¿Í ¿ª»ç 29

2.1 General 31
2.2 Code & Standard »ç¿ë 32
2.2.1 ÄÚµå(Code) 32
2.2.2 Ç¥ÁØ°ø¾÷±Ô°Ý ¹× ´ÜÀ§°è(Standard & Unit System) 32
2.2.3 Code & Standards°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÌÀ¯ 33
2.2.4 Project¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ´Â Engineering Rule System Á¤ÀÇ 33
2.3 ASME Code ¹ßÀü°ú ÇöÀç 33
2.3.1 ASME(American Society for Mechanical Engineers) Code Book ±¸¼º 34
2.3.2 Understanding of Pressure Piping B31 ±¸¼º 35
2.4 Future Direction of Code È°¿ë 37
2.4.1 Á¤¼ºÀû Æò°¡(Plant Layout Evaluation by Qualitative Evaluation) 38
2.4.2 Á¤·®Àû Æò°¡(Plant Layout Evaluation by Quantitative Evaluation) 38
2.4.3 Á¤·®Àû Çؼ® ALARP(As Low As Reasonably Practice) ÀÌÇØ 39
¡¤ Example »ç·Ê ¿¬±¸ : Á¤·®Àû Æò°¡(Plant Layout Evaluation by Quantitative Evaluation) 42
»ç·Ê 1. Ethylene Tank PSV¿ë Tank Flare ¼³Ä¡ ¿©ºÎ °ËÅä 42
»ç·Ê 2. Guide for Hazard Analysis Àû¿ë »ç·Ê 43


03 Piping Design Role & Responsibility 45

3.1 General 47
3.1.1 Process Ethylene Plant Àü°æ 47
3.2 Piping Engineering & Design ¼Ò°³ 47
3.2.1 Piping EngineeringÀÇ Á߿伺 47
3.2.2 Piping Work Flow »óÈ£ °ü°è 48
3.2.3 Piping Basic Design ÀÌÇØ 48
3.2.4 Detail Design 55
3.3 ¹è°ü ¿£Áö´Ï¾îÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ°ú Ã¥ÀÓ(Role and Responsibility) 57
3.3.1 General 57
3.3.2 Piping EngineerÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ°ú Ã¥ÀÓ 57
3.4 Piping Design Input & Output Control 66
3.5 Piping Groupº° Work Activity 67
3.5.1 Piping Leader Engineering 67
3.5.2 Piping Design Group 69
3.5.3 Piping Material Engineering 69
3.5.4 Piping Material Control Engineering 69
3.5.5 Piping Stress Engineering 70
3.6 Piping Engineering ¼º°úÇ°(Deliverables)ÀÇ Á¾·ù 70
3.7 3D Graphic Software(S/W) 71
3.8 °è»ê¿ë S/W 71


04 Plant Layout 73

4.1 General 75
4.2 Plant Layout ±âÃÊ 75
4.2.1 Plant Layout Engineer & Designer 75
4.2.2 Engineer & DesignerÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ°ú Ã¥ÀÓ 76
4.2.3 Project Input Data 77
4.2.4 Plant Layout Step 77
4.3 Plant Layout Specification 78
4.4 Plant Layout ¿øÄ¢ 79
4.5 Plot plan ÀÛ¼º Flow Chart 79
4.6 Plant Layout ½Ã °í·Á »çÇ× 80
4.6.1 ÃÖ¿ì¼± °í·Á »çÇ× ¹× ÁÖ¿ä ¿ªÇÒ 80
4.6.2 Reference 82
4.7 Plant Layout °á·Ð 83
4.8 ±Ù¿øÀû ¾ÈÀü°øÇÐ °³³ä ÀÌÇØ 83
4.8.1 Inherently Safer Design 84
4.8.2 ISD(Inherently Safer Design)ÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥ 84
4.8.3 Plant ±â±â ÀÌ°Ý °Å¸® Áؼö 85
4.8.4 Utility(ÀúÀ§Çè Áö¿ª)¿Í Process(°íÀ§Çè Áö¿ª) ºÐ¸® 85
4.8.5 Plot Plan PlanningÀÇ ¿¹ 86
4.9 Plant Layout Study 88
¡¤ »ç·Ê ¿¬±¸ : Ethylene Project Plot Layout Studies 88
4.9.1 General Information 88
4.9.2 Safety Factor/Prevailing Wind¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Data °ËÅä 89
4.9.3 Plot Area ¼±Á¤ÀÇ ¿ì¼±¼øÀ§ °áÁ¤ 90
4.9.4 Process System Group ´Ü°è¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Plant Layout 91
4.9.5 dzÇâ°ú Process System GroupÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ »ó¼¼ Layout 91
4.9.6 ±âŸ ºÎ¼Ó °Ç¹° ¹èÄ¡/Substation, Control Room 92
4.9.7 °¢ AreaÀÇ ³ÐÀÌÀÇ Á¦ÇÑ 92
4.9.8 Code ¹× Local ±ÔÁ¤¿¡ µû¸¥ Plot Plan »óÀÇ Area ±¸ºÐ 93
4.9.9 Road °èȹ °ËÅä 94
4.9.10 Equipment Erection °ËÅä 95
4.9.11 Maintenance 95
4.9.12 Underground¿¡ ¹èÄ¡ÇØ¾ß ÇÒ Items °ËÅä 96
4.9.13 Project Final Plot Plan 96


05 Piping Drawing 99

5.1 General 101
5.2 Piping Drawing Á¾·ù 101
5.2.1 Plot Plan Drawing(Àüü °øÀå ¹èÄ¡µµ) 101
5.2.2 Piping Arrangement Drawing 101
5.2.3 Piping Isometric Drawing/Spool Drawing 101
5.2.4 Piping Support Drawing 101
5.3 Drawing Issue by Stage 102
5.4 Piping Drawing(Sample) 103
5.4.1 Plot Plan Drawing : ±¸»óµµ¸é, °øÀåÀÇ ±â°è ¹èÄ¡µµ 103
5.4.2 General Arrangement Drawing(Plan Drawing) : Piping Plan 104
5.4.3 ISO Drawing(For Construction µµ¸é) 105
5.4.4 Piping Support Drawing 106
5.4.5 ¹è°ü ¼³°è »êÃâ¹°À» À§ÇÑ °ü·Ã µµ¸é 107
5.5 As-Built Drawing 111
5.5.1 Á¦Ãâ µµ¸é 111
5.5.2 AS-Built ¹Ý¿µ ¹æ¹ý 111
5.6 µµ¸é ÀÌÇØ¿Í È°¿ë 112


06 Piping System Design 115

6.1 General 117
6.2 Piping System Design 117
6.2.1 ¹è°üÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ 117
6.2.2 ÇÁ·Î¼¼½º(Process) Á¤ÀÇ/ASME B31.3 117
6.2.3 À¯Æ¿¸®Æ¼(Utility) Á¤ÀÇ 118
6.3 Utility Piping System Design 118
6.3.1 Utility System Á¾·ù 118
6.3.2 °ø¾÷¿ë¼ö Sources ¹× ó¸® 118
6.3.3 ½ºÆÀ(Steam System) 120
6.3.4 °ø±â(Air System) 122
6.3.5 Áú¼Ò ½Ã½ºÅÛ(N2) 123
6.3.6 È­Çй°Áú ½Ã½ºÅÛ 123
6.3.7 ±âŸ ½Ã½ºÅÛ 124
6.3.8 Utility Piping Lines Design Basis 124
6.3.9 Utility System ¹èÄ¡ ¹× Àü¹ÝÀûÀÎ ·¹À̾ƿô ¼³°è 124
6.4 Process Piping System Design 125
6.4.1 Process Piping Lines Design Basis 125
6.4.2 Process Area ³» Utilities Lines Design Basis 126
6.4.3 Process Piping Line Route °ËÅä ½Ã °í·Á »çÇ× 126
6.4.4 Process Equipmentº° ÀϹÝÀû °í·Á »çÇ× 126
6.5 Process Requirement 146
6.5.1 Slope 146
6.5.2 Free Draining 148
6.5.3 Gravity Flow Line 148
6.5.4 Two Phase Flow 148
6.6 ¹è°ü Áøµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ 149
6.6.1 ¹è°ü Áøµ¿ÀÇ Á¾·ù 149
6.6.2 ¹è°ü Áøµ¿ÀÇ ¼³°è ±âÁØ 150
6.6.3 Áøµ¿ Çؼ® Æò°¡ 152
6.6.4 ¹è°ü Áøµ¿¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í·Á »çÇ× 154
6.7 ÁÖ¿ä ¹è°ü ½Ã½ºÅÛ ¹®Á¦ À¯Çü ¹× ´ëÃ¥ 155
6.7.1 ¹è°ü¿¡¼­ Two Phase È帧¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹®Á¦Á¡À» ÃÖ¼ÒÈ­ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¾È 155
6.7.2 °øµ¿Çö»ó(Cavitation) 157
6.7.3 ÁÖ¿ä Áøµ¿ Çö»ó¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌÇØ¿Í ´ëÃ¥ 158
6.7.4 Valves Problems 158
6.7.5 Pump Alignment 159
6.8 Piping System Design Studies 163
¡¤ »ç·Ê ¿¬±¸ : Compressor System Piping Studies in Compressor Area 163
6.8.1 Main CompressorÀÇ »çÀü Ư¼º ÆÄ¾Ç 163
6.8.2 Main CompressorÀÇ Process System °ËÅä 164
6.8.3 Plant LayoutÀÇ ±â±âÀÇ LocationÀ» Process Flow Ãø¸é¿¡¼­ ÀÌÇØÇϱâ 164
6.8.4 Compressor System Piping Studies in Compressor Area 165


07 Piping Material 167

7.1 General 169
7.2 Pipe and Tube 169
7.2.1 Pipe¿Í TubeÀÇ Â÷ÀÌÁ¡ 169
7.2.2 Markings on Pipe and Tube 170
7.2.3 ¹è°ü ÀçÁú/Á¦ÀÛ ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÐ·ù 170
7.2.4 Non Destructive Tests for Pipe and Tube 172
7.2.5 Material Traceability 173
7.2.6 ÁÖ¿ä Metal/Non Metal Pipes 174
7.2.7 Áßµ¿ Project ¼öÇà ½Ã °¡Àå ¸¹ÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Non Metal Pipes(GRP) »ó¼¼ ÀÌÇØ 176
7.3 Fitting & Main Components 183
7.3.1 FittingÀ̶õ 183
7.3.2 FittingÀÇ ºÐ·ù 184
7.3.3 FittingÀÇ Á¾·ù¿Í ¿ëµµ 184
7.3.4 Main Components 186
7.4 ¹è°ü °ü°æ ¼±Á¤ 199
7.5 ¹è°ü °øĪ Size & µÎ²² °è»ê 201
7.5.1 Introduction to Pipe Sizes 201
7.5.2 °øĪ(Nominal) ÆÄÀÌÇÁ Å©±â ¹× °øĪ Á÷°æ 202
7.5.3 International Standards for Pipe Sizes 202
7.5.4 Pipe Sizes for Other Materials 203
7.5.5 Pressure Ratings for Pipe and Tube 203
7.5.6 Wall Thickness Calculations for Straight Pipe Under Internal Pressure 203
7.6 ¹è°ü ÀÚÀç ¼±Á¤ 205
7.6.1 Physical Properties of Piping Materials 206
7.6.2 À¯Ã¼¿¡ µû¸¥ ¹è°ü ÀÚÀç ¼±Á¤ ±âÁØ : °øÁ¤ Á¶°ÇÀº Àç·á ¼±Åÿ¡ °¡Àå ¸¹Àº¿µÇâÀ» ¹Ìħ 207
7.6.3 ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ ¹è°ü ÀÚÀç ¼±Á¤ ±âÁØ(Pipe & Fitting Selection) 207
7.6.4 ¹è°ü Àç·áÀÇ ¼ºÁú(ASTM ³»¿ë) 207
7.6.5 ASTM Àç·á ½ÃÇè Ư¼ºÀ» °í·ÁÇÑ ¼±Åà 209
7.6.6 ASTM ÀçÁúÀÇ ¿îÀü ¿Âµµ ¹× ¿ëµµ¿¡ µû¸¥ ºÐ·ù 210
7.7 Material Specification 211
7.7.1 Standard Material Specification¿¡ Æ÷ÇÔÇØ¾ß ÇÒ »çÇ× 211
7.7.2 Material Specification(Ethylene Project Sample) 212
7.8 À¯Áö °ü¸®/ºÎ½Ä 213
7.8.1 ºÎ½ÄÀ̶õ 213
7.8.2 ºÎ½ÄÀÇ Á¾·ù 213
7.8.3 ºÎ½Ä ´ëÃ¥ 219
7.8.4 ¹è°üÀÇ ºÎ½Ä ÃøÁ¤ ¹æ¹ý 220
7.8.5 ¸Å¼³ ¹è°üÀÇ ºÎ½Ä ¹æÁö 221
7.9 ¹è°ü Material ¼±Á¤ ¿¹Á¦ 223
7.9.1 ¹è°ü ÀÚÀç ¼±Á¤ ¿¹Á¦ 223
7.9.2 »ç·Ê °ËÅä °á°ú/¹è°ü ÀçÁú ¼±Á¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çؼ³ 224
7.10 Paint & Insulation 225
7.10.1 Paint 225
7.10.2 Insulation 227


08 Basic Concept of Piping Stress Analysis 233

8.1 General 235
8.2 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ®ÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ 235
8.3 Àû¿ë ¹üÀ§ 235
8.4 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ®ÀÇ °³³ä 235
8.4.1 Pipe¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â Stress Á¾·ù ÀÌÇØ 236
8.4.2 Basic Concept of Piping Stress Analysis 237
8.4.3 ASME B31.3 Code ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ®ÀÇ °³³ä 238
8.4.4 ¿ë¾îÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ 240
8.5 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ®ÀÇ ÁÖ¸ñÀû 251
8.6 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ® ½Ã °í·ÁµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÒ ÇÏÁß 251
8.6.1 ¹è°ü¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â ÇÏÁßÀÇ Á¾·ù 251
8.6.2 ASME B31.3ÀÇ Type of Load on Piping(Design, Normal, Up-set, Emergency, Test µî) 252
8.7 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ®½Ã ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ÀÚ·á 252
8.8 ¿­ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ®ÀÇ Çʿ伺¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÆÇ´Ü ±âÁØ 253
8.9 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ® ÀýÂ÷ 256
8.10 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·Â Æò°¡ ±âÁØ 256
8.10.1 ASME B31.3 Code ÀÀ·Â Æò°¡ ÀÌÇØ 256
8.10.2 ASME B31.3 Code PIPEÀÇ ¿­ÆØâ Stress °è»ê ¹æ½Ä ÀÌÇØ¿Í Æò°¡ 258
8.10.3 Flexibility & Stress Intensification FactorÀÇ »ó¼¼ °³³ä 259
8.10.4 Stress Range Factor ÀÌÇØ 261
8.10.5 Allowable Stress Range Çؼ® 261
8.10.6 Çã¿ë ÀÀ·Â ¹üÀ§¿¡ Ãß°¡ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÀ·Â(ADDITIVE STRESS) 262
8.11 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ®ÀÇ Æò°¡ 263
8.11.1 Static ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ® °ËÅä(Static Load Á¾·ù) 263
8.11.2 Dynamic ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ® °ËÅä(Dynamic Load Á¾·ù) 263
8.11.3 Piping Stress Analysis Result °í·Á »çÇ×/Piping Stress Analysis °á°ú¿¡ÀÇÇÑ Æò°¡ 264
8.11.4 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ® ÈÄ °ËÅäÇØ¾ß ÇÒ »çÇ× 265
8.11.5 ¿­ ÀÀ·Â ÇØ¼Ò ¹æ¾È 265
8.12 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ® º¸°í¼­ 265
8.13 ¹è°ü ÀÀ·ÂÇؼ® °ü·Ã CODES 266
8.14 ¹è°ü ¼³°è Guided Cantilever Beam Method Àû¿ë 266
8.15 Information Flow for Stress Analysis & Piping Stress Engineering Software 269
8.15.1 Information Flow for Stress Analysis 269
8.15.2 Piping Stress Engineering Software 269
¡¤ »ç·Ê ¿¬±¸ : °í¿Â, °í¾Ð ±â±â¿¡ ¿¬°áµÇ´Â ¹è°ü Çؼ® ÁøÇà 271


09 Piping Supports 275

9.1 General 277
9.2 Pipe SupportsÀÇ Á¤ÀÇ 277
9.3 Piping SupportÀÇ ¿ªÇÒ 277
9.4 Piping Support Material ¼±Á¤ 278
9.4.1 Support Material Àû¿ë ¿Âµµ ¹üÀ§ 278
9.4.2 Reinforcing Pad ¼³Ä¡ ±âÁØ 278
9.4.3 ±â±â¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Reaction °ËÁõ 279
9.5 Function¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Type of Support ºÐ·ù ±âÁØ 279
9.6 Type of Support 280
9.6.1 Resting Type : Y-Direction(1 DOF Restraint) * DOF : Degree of Freedom 280
9.6.2 Guide Type : X or Z-Direction(2 DOF Restraint) 281
9.6.3 Directional Stop Type : X or Z(2, 3 Restraint) 282
9.6.4 Anchor Type : 6 Direction Constraint(6 DOF Restraint) 283
9.6.5 Special Type 284
9.7 ¿­ÆØâ, ÁöÁø¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â Special Type Support 285
9.7.1 Variable Spring 286
9.7.2 Constant Spring 286
9.7.3 Snubber Support 287
9.8 Pipe Supports Code & Standards 287
9.9 Piping Support SpanÀÇ ÀÌÇØ 288
9.9.1 Piping Support Span 288
9.9.2 Allowable Pipe Span Calculation 289
9.10 Typical Small Bore(1 1/2" & Lower) Installations 291


10 Ethylene Piping System Studies 295

10.1 General 297
10.1.1 Ethylene Plant ÀÏ¹Ý »çÇ× 297
10.2 Conceptual Ethylene Process 298
10.2.1 Conceptual Ethylene Plant 298
10.3 Dual Ethylene Process Plant 300
10.3.1 General Information 300
10.3.2 Ethylene Major Equipment Location & Piping System Design 301
10.3.3 Equipment Location & Piping Engineering & Design Áß¿ä °í·Á »çÇ× 302
10.4 Ethylene Large Bore Piping Header Studies 303
10.4.1 ¿­ºÐÇØ °øÁ¤(Cracking Heater) Piping System Design& Configuration 303
10.4.2 ³Ã°¢ °øÁ¤(Cracked Gas Quench) Piping System Design & Configuration 315
10.4.3 ¾ÐÃà °øÁ¤(Cracked Gas Compressor) Piping System Design& Configuration 317
¡¤ »ç·Ê ¿¬±¸ : Cracked Compressor Nozzle A/B, 66"-150#(Gasket Maintenance) 3D Model vs Actual Views 326
10.4.4 Á¤Á¦ °øÁ¤(Cold Exchanger) Piping System Design & Configuration 327
10.5 Large Bore Piping System Consideration(Ethylene Project Case) 337
10.5.1 Definition of Large Diameter Piping 338
10.5.2 Cost/Issues 338
10.5.3 Production Technological Problems 338
10.5.4 A/G Piping Design & Construction Technological Problems 339
10.5.5 U/G Piping Design & Construction Technological Problems 340
10.6 Ethylene Project Special Consideration 343
10.6.1 Ethylene Project¿¡ Àû¿ëµÈ GRP Piping 344
10.6.2 Dissimilar Welding Method 357
10.6.3 Acoustic Induced Vibration - AIV in Piping Systems 358
10.6.4 Gusset Support work 365
10.6.5 Cryogenic Valve 366
10.6.6 Roads, Access Ways And Paving 368
10.6.7 Location of silencer, Flame arrestor and Lines Open to Atmosphere 369


11 Project Piping Execution 371

11.1 General 373
11.2 Project Piping Design Execution ÀÌÇØ 373
11.2.1 Project ¼öÇà 3 Stage Cycle 373
11.2.2 Project Execution Stageº° Management(by *PMI) 374
11.3 Piping Engineering Work Milestone °ü¸® 375
11.3.1 Piping Engineering Overall Schedule for 33 Month(for General View) 376
11.3.2 3D Modeling & Review 376
11.3.3 Major Milestone for 3D Modeling 378
11.3.4 Major Milestone for Material Take-Off 381
¡¤ »ç·Ê¿¬±¸ 382
11.3.5 Major Milestone for Quality Control 382
11.3.6 Piping Engineering WorkÀÇ ÁÖ¿ä °ü¸® Ç׸ñ 383
11.4 Interface Control 385
11.5 Key Factor for Success of Piping Engineering Work 387
11.5.1 »ç·Ê ¿¬±¸ : ´ëÇü Ethylene Project Piping Engineering & Design Ãʱ⠼º°ø ¿äÀÎ µµÃâ/Cost, Schedule, Quality 388
11.6 Project Management ¾÷¹« ¹üÀ§ Á¤ÀÇ/Reference Data by PMP 389


12 Piping Design Closeout Phase 399

12.1 General 401
12.2 Field Engineering 401
12.2.1 Responsibilities(ÇöÀå ¼³°èÀÇ Ã¥¹«) 402
12.2.2 Activities of Field Engineering Team(ÇöÀå ¼³°è ÆÀÀÇ ¾÷¹«) 402
12.3 Lessons & Learned 405
12.3.1 Purpose 405
12.3.2 Scope 405
12.3.3 General Requirements 405
12.3.4 Application 405
12.3.5 Responsibilities 405
12.3.6 Preparation Procedures 406
12.3.7 Preparation 406
12.3.8 Changing and New Creation of A DEP and PEP(Design Engineering Procedure, Project Engineering Procedure) 407
12.3.9 References 407
12.4 Piping Closeout Report 408
12.4.1 Àüü Piping Design & Construction(EPC) ¼º°ú Æò°¡ 409
12.4.2 Document Actual Project Cost 409
12.4.3 Document Actual Project Schedule 410
12.4.4 Document Scope Changes 410
12.4.5 Record Post-Implementation Review 410
12.4.6 Identify Open Issues 410
12.4.7 Archive Project Documents 411
¡¤ »ç·Ê ÀÚ·á : Sample Report 412

¸¶¹«¸®Çϸ鼭 421
Glossary Á¤¸® 425
References 446