<영어로 읽는 고전 _ 사무엘 버틀러의 진화론에 대하여>
"Evolution, Old & New"는 사무엘 버틀러(Samuel Butler)가 쓴 책으로 1879년에 처음 출판되었다. 이 책에서 버틀러는 자연 선택을 통한 진화론에 관한 찰스 다윈(Charles Darwin)의 이론을 둘러싼 현대 논쟁과 이론을 다루고 있다.
버틀러는 처음에는 다윈의 사상을 지지했지만 시간이 지나면서 진화에 대한 자신만의 비판적 관점을 발전시켰다. "Evolution, Old & New"에서 버틀러는 다윈주의 진화론의 일부 정통 교리, 특히 자연 선택이 진화적 변화를 이끄는 유일한 메커니즘이라는 생각에 도전하고 있다. 그는 다윈의 이론이 생물학적, 문화적 진화를 형성하는 데 있어서 의식, 지능, 의도의 역할을 간과하고 있다고 주장한다.
이 책의 중심 주제 중 하나는 버틀러의 "무의식 지능" 개념으로, 유기체와 사회는 맹목적인 자연 선택뿐만 아니라 일종의 타고난 지능이나 목적 있는 노력을 통해서도 진화한다고 가정하고 있다. 이 아이디어는 당시 논란의 여지가 있었고 버틀러는 과학계에서 반대 목소리를 냈다.
"Evolution, Old & New"는 다윈주의에 대한 비판과 진화 과정에 대한 대안적인 설명을 탐구하는 데 중요한 작품이다.


"Evolution, Old & New" is a book written by Samuel Butler and first published in 1879. In this book, Butler addresses contemporary controversies and theories surrounding Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection.
Butler initially supported Darwin's ideas, but over time he developed his own critical perspective on evolution. In "Evolution, Old & New," Butler challenges some of the orthodox tenets of Darwinian evolution, particularly the idea that natural selection is the only mechanism driving evolutionary change. He argues that Darwin's theory overlooks the role of consciousness, intelligence, and intention in shaping biological and cultural evolution.
One of the book's central themes is Butler's concept of "unconscious intelligence," which postulates that organisms and societies evolve not only through blind natural selection but also through some kind of innate intelligence or purposeful effort. The idea was controversial at the time, and Butler spoke out against it in the scientific community.
"Evolution, Old & New" is an important work in its critique of Darwinism and in its exploration of alternative explanations for the evolutionary process.

Summary
Of all the questions now engaging the attention of those whose destiny has commanded them to take more or less exercise of mind, I know of none more interesting than that which deals with what is called teleology?that is to say, with design or purpose, as evidenced by the different parts of animals and plants.
The question may be briefly stated thus:?
Can we or can we not see signs in the structure of animals and plants, of something which carries with it the idea of contrivance so strongly that it is impossible for us to think of the structure, without at the same time thinking of contrivance, or design, in connection with it?

Contents
CHAPTER I. Statement of the Question?Current Opinion adverse to Teleology
CHAPTER II. The Teleology of Paley and the Theologians
CHAPTER III. Impotence of Paley's Conclusion?The Teleology of the Evolutionist
CHAPTER IV. Failure of the First Evolutionists to see their Position as Teleological
CHAPTER V. The Teleological Evolution of Organism?The Philosophy of the Unconscious
CHAPTER VI. Scheme of the Remainder of the Work?Historical Sketch of the Theory of Evolution
CHAPTER VII. Pre-Buffonian Evolution, and some German Writers
CHAPTER VIII. Buffon?Memoir
CHAPTER IX. Buffon's Method?The Ironical Character of his Work
CHAPTER X. Supposed Fluctuations of Opinion?Causes or Means of the Transformation of Species
CHAPTER XI. Buffon?Puller Quotations
CHAPTER XII. Sketch of Dr. Erasmus Darwin's Life
CHAPTER XIII. Philosophy of Dr. Erasmus Darwin
CHAPTER XIV. Fuller Quotations from the 'Zoonomia'
CHAPTER XV. Memoir of Lamarck
CHAPTER XVI. General Misconception concerning Lamarck?His Philosophical Position
CHAPTER XVII. Summary of the 'Philosophie Zoologique'
CHAPTER XVIII. Mr. Patrick Matthew, MM. Etienne and Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, and Mr. Herbert Spencer
CHAPTER XIX. Main Points of Agreement and of Difference between the Old and New Theories of Evolution
CHAPTER XX. Natural Selection considered as a Means of Modification?The Confusion which this Expression occasions
CHAPTER XXI. Mr. Darwin's Defence of the Expression, Natural Selection?Professor Mivart and Natural Selection
CHAPTER XXII. The Case of the Madeira Beetles as illustrating the Difference between the Evolution of Lamarck and of Mr. Charles Darwin?Conclusion