<영어로 읽는 고전 _ 사무엘 버틀러의 생물변형의 행운 또는 교활함>
"생물변형의 행운 또는 교활함"은 사무엘 버틀러(Samuel Butler)가 쓴 에세이로 1887년에 처음 출판되었다. 이 에세이에서 버틀러는 찰스 다윈(Charles Darwin)의 자연 선택 이론에 대한 비판을 제시하고 유기 진화를 위한 대체 메커니즘을 제안한다.
버틀러는 처음에는 다윈의 생각을 지지했지만 진화의 주요 동인으로 자연 선택을 강조하는 것에 대해 점점 더 비판적이 되었다. 버틀러는 "행운 또는 교활함"에서 유기체의 교활함 또는 지능과 결합된 기회 또는 행운이 다윈의 자연 선택이 제안한 것보다 진화 변화를 형성하는 데 더 중요한 역할을 한다고 주장하고 있다.
버틀러의 핵심 주장 중 하나는 유기체가 환경에 반응하여 적응하고 진화할 수 있는 일종의 지능이나 기관을 가지고 있다는 것이다. 그는 유기체가 자연에 의해 유익한 돌연변이가 선택될 때까지 수동적으로 기다리는 것이 아니라 교활함을 통해 적극적으로 유리한 변이를 찾고 기회를 활용한다고 주장한다.
이 에세이는 진화, 심리학, 의식의 본질에 대한 버틀러의 광범위한 철학적 관심을 반영하고 있다. 그의 생각은 당시 널리 퍼져 있던 과학적 정통성에 도전했으며 진화 메커니즘에 관한 지속적인 논쟁에 기여했다.


“Luck or Cunning as the Principal Means of Organic Transformation” is an essay written by Samuel Butler, first published in 1887. In this essay, Butler presents a critique of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection and proposes an alternative mechanism for organic evolution.
Although Butler initially supported Darwin's ideas, he became increasingly critical of his emphasis on natural selection as the primary driver of evolution. In "Luck or Cunning," Butler argues that chance, or luck, combined with an organism's cunning or intelligence, plays a more important role in shaping evolutionary change than Darwin's natural selection suggests.
One of Butler's central claims is that organisms have some kind of intelligence or agency that allows them to adapt and evolve in response to their environment. He argues that rather than passively waiting for beneficial mutations to be selected by nature, organisms actively seek out advantageous mutations and exploit opportunities through cunning.
This essay reflects Butler's broader philosophical interests in evolution, psychology, and the nature of consciousness. His ideas challenged the prevailing scientific orthodoxy at the time and contributed to the ongoing debate about the mechanisms of evolution.

Summary
I shall perhaps best promote the acceptance of the two main points on which I have been insisting for some years past, I mean, the substantial identity between heredity and memory, and the reintroduction of design into organic development, by treating them as if they had something of that physical life with which they are so closely connected. Ideas are like plants and animals in this respect also, as in so many others, that they are more fully understood when their relations to other ideas of their time, and the history of their development are known and borne in mind. By development I do not merely mean their growth in the minds of those who first advanced them, but that larger development which consists in their subsequent good or evil fortunes?in their reception, favourable or otherwise, by those to whom they were presented.

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Mr. Herbert Spencer
III. Mr. Herbert Spencer (continued)
IV. Mr. Romanes’ “Mental Evolution in Animals”
V. Statement of the Question at Issue
VI. Statement of the Question at Issue (continued)
VII. Mr. Spencer’s “The Factors of Organic Evolution”
VIII. Property, Common Sense, and Protoplasm
IX. Property, Common Sense, and Protoplasm (continued)
X. The Attempt to Eliminate Mind
XI. The Way of Escape
XII. Why Darwin’s Variations were Accidental
XIII. Darwin’s Claim to Descent with Modification
XIV. Darwin and Descent with Modification (continued)
XV. The Excised “My’s”
XVI. Mr. Grant Allen’s “Charles Darwin”
XVII. Professor Ray Lankester and Lamarck
XVIII. Per Contra
XIX. Conclusion