<영어로 읽는 고전 _ 사무엘 버틀러의 모든 육체의 길>
"모든 육체의 길(The Way of All Flesh)"은 새뮤얼 버틀러(Samuel Butler)가 쓴 반자전적 소설로, 1903년 사후에 처음 출판되었다. 이 소설은 버틀러의 가장 중요한 작품 중 하나로 평가되며 가족 관계, 도덕성, 사회적 기대에 대한 탐구로 높이 평가받고 있다.
이 이야기는 엄격한 빅토리아 시대의 가정에서 태어난 청년 어니스트 폰티펙스의 삶을 따라간다. 소설은 어니스트의 성장 과정, 교육, 그리고 가족과 사회의 억압적인 영향에 맞서 싸우는 과정을 추적한다. Ernest의 경험을 통해 Butler는 빅토리아 시대의 가치, 특히 그 시대에 만연한 위선과 억압을 비판한다.
"모든 육체의 길"의 중심 주제 중 하나는 개인의 자유와 사회적 제약 사이의 갈등이다. 어니스트는 부모와 교회가 그에게 부여한 기대에 반항하며 진정으로 살고 자신의 삶의 길을 찾으려고 노력합니다. 이 소설은 사회적 규범을 따르는 것과 개인적 성취를 추구하는 것의 심리적, 정서적 대가를 탐구한다.
“모든 육체의 길”에 나오는 버틀러의 글은 풍자적인 어조, 인간 행동에 대한 예리한 관찰, 심리적 깊이가 특징이다. 이 소설은 풍자, 사실주의, 사회적 논평의 요소를 혼합하여 빅토리아 시대 사회에 대한 비판을 제공하는 동시에 정체성, 도덕성 및 시간의 흐름에 대한 더 넓은 주제를 다루고 있다.


"The Way of All Flesh" is a semi-autobiographical novel written by Samuel Butler, first published posthumously in 1903. The novel is considered one of Butler's most important works and is praised for his exploration of family relationships, morality, and social expectations.
The story follows the life of Ernest Pontifex, a young man born into a strict Victorian family. The novel traces Ernest's upbringing, education, and struggle against oppressive influences from his family and society. Through Ernest's experiences, Butler criticizes Victorian values, especially the hypocrisy and oppression prevalent during the era.
One of the central themes of "The Way of All Flesh" is the conflict between individual freedom and social constraints. Ernest rebels against the expectations placed on him by his parents and church and tries to live authentically and find his own path in life. The novel explores the psychological and emotional costs of following social norms and pursuing personal fulfillment.
Butler's writing in “The Way of All Flesh” is characterized by a satirical tone, keen observation of human behavior, and psychological depth. The novel blends elements of satire, realism, and social commentary to provide a critique of Victorian society while also addressing broader themes of identity, morality, and the passage of time.

Summary
When I was a small boy at the beginning of the century I remember an old man who wore knee-breeches and worsted stockings, and who used to hobble about the street of our village with the help of a stick. He must have been getting on for eighty in the year 1807, earlier than which date I suppose I can hardly remember him, for I was born in 1802. A few white locks hung about his ears, his shoulders were bent and his knees feeble, but he was still hale, and was much respected in our little world of Paleham. His name was Pontifex.

Contents
CHAPTER I. When I was a small boy at the beginning of the century
CHAPTER II. Old Mr. Pontifex had married in the year 1750
CHAPTER III. In the early years of the century five little children
CHAPTER IV. In a year or two more came Waterloo
CHAPTER V. Fortune, we are told, is a blind
CHAPTER VI. Mr. Pontifex was not the man to trouble himself
CHAPTER VII. A few words may suffice for the greater
CHAPTER VIII. Mr. Pontifex had set his heart on his son’s becoming
CHAPTER IX. Mr. Allaby was rector of Crampsford
CHAPTER X. The interview, like all other good things had to
CHAPTER XI. The next morning saw Theobald in his rooms
CHAPTER XII. Theobald’s engagement was all very well as far as
CHAPTER XIII. A due number of old shoes had been thrown
CHAPTER XIV. Battersby-On-The-Hill was the name of the village
CHAPTER XV. The hymn had engaged my attention
CHAPTER XVI. He does not like this branch of his profession
CHAPTER XVII. In the course of time this sorrow was removed
CHAPTER XVIII. For the first time in his life Theobald felt
CHAPTER XIX. This much, however, we may say in the meantime
CHAPTER XX. The birth of his son opened Theobald’s eyes
CHAPTER XXI. Strange! for she believed she doted upon him
CHAPTER XXII. I used to stay at Battersby for a day
CHAPTER XXIII. The man-servant William came and set the chairs
CHAPTER XXIV. The storm which I have described in the previous chapter
CHAPTER XXV. Three or four years after the birth of her daughter
CHAPTER XXVI. The foregoing letter shows how much greater
CHAPTER XXVII. I will give no more of the details of my hero’s earlier years
CHAPTER XXVIII. Ernest had heard awful accounts of Dr Skinner’s temper
CHAPTER XXIX. Soon after his father and mother had left him
CHAPTER XXX. Next morning Theobald and Christina arose feeling
CHAPTER XXXI. With the masters Ernest was ere long in absolute disgrace
CHAPTER XXXII. I must now return to Miss Alethea Pontifex
CHAPTER XXXIII. Next day Miss Pontifex returned to town
CHAPTER XXXIV. Miss Pontifex soon found out that Ernest
CHAPTER XXXV. All went well for the first part of the following half year
CHAPTER XXXVI. Letters had been written to Miss Pontifex’s brothers
CHAPTER XXXVII. If Theobald and Christina had not been too well pleased
CHAPTER XXXVIII. Ernest was thus in disgrace from the beginning of the holidays
CHAPTER XXXIX. Ernest had been out all the morning
CHAPTER XL. When Ernest got home and sneaked in
CHAPTER XLI. Long before Ernest reached the dining-room
CHAPTER XLII. About a week before he went back to school
CHAPTER XLIII. So important did Theobald consider this matter
CHAPTER XLIV. I may spare the reader more details about
CHAPTER XLV. Some people say that their school days
CHAPTER XLVI. When he was in his third year a magazine
CHAPTER XLVII. Ernest returned to Cambridge for the May term of 1858
CHAPTER XLVIII. Once, recently, when he was down at home
CHAPTER XLIX. On his return to Cambridge in the May term of 1858
CHAPTER L. Ernest felt now that the turning point of his life
CHAPTER LI. Ernest had been ordained to a curacy
CHAPTER LII. “You know, my dear Pontifex,”
CHAPTER LIII. The foregoing conversation and others like it
CHAPTER LIV. This move on Ernest’s part was variously commented upon
CHAPTER LV. I had called on Ernest as a matter of course
CHAPTER LVI. By and by a subtle, indefinable malaise
CHAPTER LVII. He had hardly parted from Pryer
CHAPTER LVIII. Next day he felt stronger again
CHAPTER LIX. Before going down into the kitchen to convert
CHAPTER LX. Ernest now went home and occupied himself till
CHAPTER LXI. Pryer had done well to warn Ernest against promiscuous house
CHAPTER LXII. This advice, besides being obviously sensible
CHAPTER LXIII. I saw my solicitor at once
CHAPTER LXIV. After Ernest had been sentenced
CHAPTER LXV. As he lay on his bed day after day slowly recovering
CHAPTER LXVI. Ernest was now so far convalescent as to
CHAPTER LXVII. As soon as Ernest found that he had no money
CHAPTER LXVIII. When I think over all that Ernest told me about his prison
CHAPTER LXIX. In coming to the conclusion that he would sever
CHAPTER LXX. I had begun to like him on the night Towneley
CHAPTER LXXI. It seems he had been patrolling the streets for the last three
CHAPTER LXXII. Ernest told Ellen of his difficulty about finding employment
CHAPTER LXXIII. Ellen and he got on capitally
CHAPTER LXXIV. About six months after he had set up his shop
CHAPTER LXXV. In the month of September 1860 a girl was born
CHAPTER LXXVI. The winter had been a trying one
CHAPTER LXXVII. I do not think Ernest himself was much more pleased
CHAPTER LXXVIII. Ernest was now well turned twenty-six years old
CHAPTER LXXIX. The question now arose what was to be done with the children
CHAPTER LXXX. We left by the night mail
CHAPTER LXXXI. So he fell away from all old friends except myself
CHAPTER LXXXII. It almost seemed as though our casual mention of Theobald
CHAPTER LXXXIII. Joey and Charlotte were in the room
CHAPTER LXXXIV. On our way to town Ernest broached his plans
CHAPTER LXXXV. Ernest being about two and thirty years old
CHAPTER LXXXVI. And now I must bring my story to a close