진화와 적응.The Book, Evolution and Adaptation, by Thomas Hunt Morgan
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EVOLUTION
AND ADAPTATION
BY
THOMAS HUNT MORGAN, PH.D.
New York
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
1908

진화와 적응.The Book, Evolution and Adaptation, by Thomas Hunt Morgan
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I

PAGE
THE PROBLEM OF ADAPTATION 1
？ Structural Adaptations 1
？ Adaptations for the Good of the
Species
19
？ Organs of Little Use to the Individual 22
？ Changes in the Organism that are of No
Use to the Individual or to the Race
25
？ Comparison with Inorganic Phenomena 26
CHAPTER II
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION 30
？ Evidence in Favor of the Transmutation
Theory
32
？ ？ Evidence from Classification and from
Comparative Anatomy
32
？ ？ The Geological Evidence 39
？ ？ Evidence from Direct Observation and
Experiment
43
？ ？ Modern Criticism of the Theory of
Evolution
44
CHAPTER III
THE THEORY OF EVOLUTION (continued) 58
？ The Evidence from Embryology 58
？ ？ The Recapitulation Theory 58
？ Conclusions 84
CHAPTER IV
DARWIN’S THEORIES OF ARTIFICIAL AND OF
NATURAL SELECTION
91
？ The Principle of Selection 91
？ Variation and Competition in Nature 104
？ The Theory of Natural Selection 116
xii CHAPTER V
THE THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION
(continued)
129
？ Objections to the Theory of Natural
Selection
129
？ Sterility between Species 147
？ Weismann’s Germinal Selection 154
CHAPTER VI
DARWIN’S THEORY OF SEXUAL SELECTION 167
？ Sexual Selection 167
？ General Criticism of the Theory of Sexual
Selection
213
CHAPTER VII
THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS 222
？ Lamarck’s Theory 222
？ Darwin’s Hypothesis of Pangenesis 233
？ The Neo- Lamarckian School 240
CHAPTER VIII
CONTINUOUS AND DISCONTINUOUS VARIATION
AND HEREDITY
261
？ Continuous Variation 261
？ Heredity and Continuous Variation 270
？ Discontinuous Variation 272
？ Mendel’s Law 278
？ The Mutation Theory of De Vries 287
？ Conclusions 297
CHAPTER IX
EVOLUTION AS THE RESULT OF EXTERNAL AND
INTERNAL FACTORS
300
？ The Effect of External Influences 300
？ Responsive Changes in the Organism
that adapt it to the New Environment
319
？ N？geli’s Perfecting Principle 325
xiiiCHAPTER X
THE ORIGIN OF THE DIFFERENT KINDS OF
ADAPTATIONS
340
？ Form and Symmetry 340
？ Mutual Adaptation of Colonial Forms 350
？ Degeneration 352
？ Protective Coloration 357
？ Sexual Dimorphism and Trimorphism 360
？ Length of Life as an Adaptation 370
？ Organs of Extreme Perfection 371
？ Secondary Sexual Organs as Adaptations 372
？ Individual Adjustments as Adaptations 375
？ Color Changes as Individual Adaptations 375
？ Increase of Organs through Use and
Decrease through Disuse
376
？ Reactions of the Organism to Poisons,
etc.
377
？ Regeneration 379
CHAPTER XI
TROPISMS AND INSTINCTS AS ADAPTATIONS 382
CHAPTER XII
SEX AS AN ADAPTATION 414
？ The Different Kinds of Sexual Individuals 414
？ The Determination of Sex 422
？ Sex as a Phenomenon of Adaptation 439
CHAPTER XIII
SUMMARY AND GENERAL CONCLUSIONS 452
INDEX 465